臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

過去有關台灣的所得流動性之探討，受限於資料的緣故，實證方面的研究相當缺乏。故本文一方面建立一個跨代的人力資本投資理論模型，藉以探討各代的所得不均度與跨代的所得流動性。另一方面則利用家庭動態資料庫（Panel Study of Family Dynamics，簡稱PSFD）中豐富的家庭背景資料，分析影響台灣地區教育程度的因素，並進行教育不均度的靜態分解，此外，再觀察兩代間教育程度的流動現象與個人勞動所得的跨期流動性。
理論模型依家庭類型及子女數區分為四種決策模式，可得到三項重要結果： (1)人力資本的投資決策：富有家庭在單一與兩個子女下，皆受人力資本產出彈性及單位報酬、市場利率與本身資質所影響；貧窮家庭在單一子女的情況下受父母的利他程度、人力資本產出彈性、父母所得與本身資質等因素影響，當有兩個子女時，父母對另一個子女的利他程度也會對人力資本有所影響。(2) 所得不均度：單一子女下，富有家庭間的不均度決定於利他動機、利率與父母資質遺傳的程度；貧窮家庭間的不均度則決定於人力資本產出彈性與父母資質遺傳的程度。若是兩個子女的富有家庭，所得不均度還受到另一個子女的資質不均度與資質遺傳程度影響。(3) 跨代所得流動性：富有家庭在單一子女時，其流動性決定於利他程度及資質遺傳程度，當有兩個子女時，各子女的流動性還會受到另一個子女的資質遺傳程度影響；而貧窮家庭中不論子女數，各子女的流動性都取決於人力資本產出彈性與本身資質遺傳程度。
以理論模型為基礎，建立人力資本的實證模型，並根據迴歸估計結果，進行不均度的分解可獲知二項實證結果：(1) 人力資本方程式：與理論模型相符，富有家庭子女教育程度與人力資本產出彈性及單位報酬、本身資質高度正相關；貧窮家庭子女受人力資本產出彈性、父母教育程度及子女資質正向影響。另外，父親的職業、從業身份與父親的省籍對兩類家庭皆有顯著的正向影響。(2)人力資本（教育）不均度：富有家庭的教育不均度較小，且人力資本單位報酬、人力資本產出彈性與子女資質三個變數在兩類家庭中貢獻皆較大。另外，富有與貧窮家庭各有一父親教育程度與子女性別的平均化因子，而手足數的增加則會同時減少兩類家庭的教育不均度，惟在富有家庭中效果較大。其次，利用Shorrocks（1978a）的Markov移轉矩陣與流動性指標的分析，得到二項主要的結論：(1)人力資本流動性：以教育程度表示的人力資本大致上呈現向上流動的趨勢，且在男性、接受教育擴張政策及貧窮家庭中，向上流動的機率較大。(2) 個人勞動所得流動性：流動方向不明顯，但在未接受教育擴張政策或富有家庭的子樣本中效果較大，另外，向下流動的現象不因所屬性別而有明顯不同。

In the past, due to the lack of panel data, empirical studies on income mobility in Taiwan are limited. The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical model of investment in human capital to analyze the income inequality and income mobility. The dataset we use is Panel Study of Family Dynamics (PSFD) conducted by Academia Sinica during 1999-2003.
The theoretical model shows that (1) in the rich family investment in children’s human capital depends on factors including the output elasticity of human capital, the rate of return on human capital, market interest rate, and endowments acquired from parents, while in the poor family, the influence factors are the output elasticity of human capital, parents’ altruism toward children, parents’ income, and endowments acquired from parents; (2) for rich families with single child, income inequality depends on the degree of altruism, market interest rate, and the degree of inheritability of endowment, for poor families with single child, the degree of income inequality is positively correlated with the output elasticity of human capital and the degree of inheritability; with two children, the other child’s degree of inheritability also has influence on income inequality within rich families; and (3) in the rich family, the degrees of altruism and inheritability are important determinants of intergenerational mobility, while in the poor family the influence factors are the output elasticity of human capital and the degree of inheritability.
Based on the theoretical model, we set up a regression function of human capital and decompose inequality of human capital further. The main results include: (1) As expected, the output elasticity of human capital, the rate of return, and endowment inherited all have significant influence on the human capital of rich family’s children. In the poor family, the human capitals of children are mainly determined by the output elasticity of human capital, parents’ income, and endowments inherited. Besides, father’s occupation, working sector, and native place, also have significant impacts on human capital. (2) In comparison with poor families, the education inequality is smaller within rich families. And educational inequalities within both types of family can be attributed to the factors including human capital’s return, human capital’s output elasticity, and endowments inherited. Besides, father’s education and numbers of siblings lower educational inequality within the rich family. Sex and numbers of siblings lower educational inequality within the poor family. Finally, we adopt Markov transition matrix and the index of mobility developed by Shorrocks(1978a) to analyze mobility phenomena in Taiwan. The main findings are (1) the intergeneration mobility of education increases, and for the male, people benefited from education expansion policy, and children of poor families the upward mobility is obvious; and (2) the direction of mobility in personal income is ambiguous.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景及動機 1
第二節 研究內容與方法 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
第一節 人力資本投資 4
第二節 分配不均 6
第三節 流動性 8
第三章 理論模型 11
第四章 實證研究─教育不均度 32
第一節 研究內容及方法 32
第二節 資料來源 33
第三節 人力資本累積的實證模型 34
第四節 實證結果 39
第五節 教育不均度的靜態分解 42
第六節 小結 44
第五章 實證研究─教育程度與個人勞動所得流動性 45
第一節 人力資本流動性 45
第二節 個人勞動所得流動性 49
第六章 結論 54
附錄 89
參考文獻 91

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