臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

當執行健康風險評估時，風險的大小會受暴露體重、暴露時間、攝入率、污染物濃度等參數所影響，而目前國內在評估健康風險時因為數據之不足，絕大多數情況均是採用美國環保署的暴露參數進行評估。但也因為文化種族等的差異，會使國內研究者在估算風險時產生相當之不確定性；而且風險值會因室內室外的暴露時間有所不同，因此國內必須建立各區域居民之室內外活動暴露模式，以合理反應真實的暴露狀況。
本研究為橫斷式調查，主要目的是建立中部科學工業園區周界居民之室內外時間活動暴露模式，因此篩選了西屯區、沙鹿鎮及大雅鄉之居民為研究對象，利用回顧前一日24小時的時間活動問卷調查方式來收集不同性別及年齡層的居民室內外活動時間之分布，採結構式問卷進行資料之收集，總計本研究收集了615份有效問卷。
本研究結果顯示：1、三個區域的居民以待在室內時間最長，約佔一天當中的89.2%-90.1%；室外則佔5.1%-5.8%，其中都市型社區(西屯區)比鄉村型社區(大雅鄉及沙鹿鎮)待在家中時間多了將近2小時。2、<6歲及>65歲之受訪者在家中的時間比其他兩個年齡層還來得高(約18.2-19.6小時)，因此與7-24歲及25-64歲者在家中時間相差約7.8%-13.9%。3、以性別來看，女生在家中時間是多了男生1.6個小時。4、假日在家中、交通及室外時間皆比非假日來得高，其中又以室內非家中時間相差了2.3小時為最多，且室內外時間在統計上具有顯著差異。5、未吸菸者、有過去疾病者待在家中時間平均百分比分別為70.8%、73.4-81.2%，這與吸菸者及無病史者相差有7.1%、4.2%-11%。6、影響時間活動模式之因子包括區域、性別及年齡，其中年齡對於家中、室內非家中、交通及室外時間活動模式統計上具顯著影響。
根據研究結果可知區域(都市型社區及鄉村型社區)、性別、年齡都會影響時間活動模式，因此將來進行這種特定場址的暴露評估調查時，必須針對區域特性、不同性別及不同年齡去執行暴露評估，才能有完整的暴露參數資料，做最有實質幫助的健康風險評估，進行最有效的風險溝通，對於健康風險評估上才有正面的助益。

When conducting health risk assessment, the results of risk estimation will be affected by parameters such as body weight, duration of exposure, frequency of exposure, ingestion rate, and concentration of pollutant. In Taiwan, due to lack of appropriate data, the default exposure parameters suggested by USEPA were used to estimate risk in most cases. However, due to cultural and racial difference, using these default values may generate uncertainties during the estimation process. Therefore, collection of regional exposure parameters to reflect the real exposure condition is a necessary step for risk assessment.
The purposes of this cross-sectional study were to establish 24-hour time activity pattern for the residents living in the vicinity of the Central Taiwan Science Park. We selected three counties including Situn, Salou and Daya as our study target area. In order to understand the time-activity pattern for differ gender and age groups, we use 24-h recall time-activity pattern questionnaires to investigate. A self-administered structural questionnaire survey was conducted. A convenient sample of 615 residents was recruited.
The results of this study showed that：（1）The residents living in these three counties spent about 89.2%-90.1% of a day in indoor environment. The time spent outdoor is in the range 5.1%-5.8%. The urban community compare with the village community in the home have been more than nearly 2 hours. (2) Generally, age greater than 65 (19.6 h) and 0-6 children (18.2 h) are characterized by the longest periods at home. In the four age groups we found that for children under 6 years of age and greater than 65, the difference between the percentage at home were less than 7.8%-13.9% in other age groups. (3)Time-activity pattern was statistically different between male and female. Women spent more time at home than men (1.6h). (4) On weekend of households spend time into 4 major locations (indoors at home, indoors-other, outdoors, in vehicle) more than on weekday. Furthermore, indoors-other time is lower on weekday than on weekend (2.3 h), especially of indoor time and outdoor time were statistically significant. (5) Non-smokers (70.8%) stay longer at home compared to smokers (77.9%). The serious disease history is a result of spending a long time at home. (6) The current analysis shows that area, gender, and age influence time-activity patterns.
Regional living characteristics can be a factor contributing to this result. Therefore, when conducting risk assessment, it is strongly suggested that regional time-activity pattern study should be included so that a reasonable risk estimation can be obtained.

誌謝 I
中文摘要 III
英文摘要 V
本文目錄 VII
表目錄 X
圖目錄 XII

第一章 緒論
第一節 研究背景及研究動機 1
第二節 研究的重要性 3
第三節 研究目的 5

第二章 文獻回顧
第一節 風險評估在特定場址工作上之應用 6
第二節 暴露評估 10
第三節 時間活動模式之調查測量方式 14
第四節 影響時間活動模式的因子 18

第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究設計 25
第二節 研究架構 26
第三節 研究對象 27
第四節 研究工具的擬定 33
第五節 問卷調查程序 38
第六節 資料統計與分析 40

第四章 研究結果
第一節 居民基本特質描述 45
第二節 時間活動描述 51

第五章 討論
第一節 樣本代表性 78
第二節 24小時時間活動模式之影響因素 80
第三節 本研究之重要性 92

第六章 結論與建議
第一節 結論 93
第二節 研究限制 95
第三節 建議 97
第四節 未來研究方向 98

參考文獻 99
附件一 109

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