臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，符合當地氣候的永續建築設計，無論是國內外均已經受到建築設計者之重視。然而，永續建築設計除了能源效率外，居住者之健康與舒適度也必須被考慮。近年來，濕氣對室內環境所造成的問題，漸漸受到國際間的重視。相對濕度對於居住者有直接的影響。過低的濕度，不僅會使居住者的呼吸系統產生乾燥等不舒適感，也是流行性感冒病毒活性大的濕度範圍，容易使人感染生病，且低濕度也容易發生靜電現象。
台灣位於亞熱帶氣候區，屬於高濕度地區，相當適合生物性汙染物生長。台灣建築物爲隔絕掉外界環境所造成之噪音或空氣污染，許多建築物在設計建造時，建築設計者常認為提高建築物外殼之氣密性為設計時之必要考量，沒有設置良好之通風設備，於是一般台灣住宅容易因為室內悶熱，而導致黴菌及塵蟎等生物性汙染物滋生，除造成不衛生的室內環境，更直接影響居住者之身體健康。因此，如何改善國內住宅室內環境濕氣問題為一重要課題。
針對室內濕氣的控制問題，調濕建材的使用是一種有效的被動式控制手法，其原理是利用多孔質建材對於濕氣的吸放來緩和室內濕氣的變動。調濕建材的使用可有效抑制室內高濕度的出現頻率，提升室內空氣品質及居住者健康。
為了更有效確認調濕設計對黴菌滋生的控制，本研究以台灣典型住宅套房單元作為研究對象，模擬評估使用花旗松與側柏為調濕建材時，對於室內濕氣調節效果。研究首先以實驗求得材料熱濕物性，作為數值模擬參數。接著採用EnergyPlus軟體中的有效滲透深度法進行空間熱濕環境模擬。最後利用黴菌發芽預測模型，評估不同調濕建材使用面積量以及搭配不同換氣策略對降低生物性污染風險的效果。
研究結果發現，花旗松與側柏調濕建材設置於垂直牆面可達較佳之調濕效果，以容積70 m3之套房空間，設置調濕建材面積45 m2可達到最佳效果，再增加面積調濕性能增加不大。另外，將調濕建材水平設置於地板與天花板之效果比設置於垂直牆面差，故建議於室內裝修成本之考量下，可先以設置調濕建材於垂直牆面進行裝修。
而使用調濕建材搭配強制換氣之結果指出，日間的強制換氣量越大時，越能降低室內整體的相對濕度，在本研究模擬案例C-3之12 ACH可達到最佳調濕效能。然而對於5月份(梅雨季)之高濕度環境，建議於減少通風換氣量，以及設置主動式除濕策略，以維持室內相對濕度於舒適範圍內。
使用調濕建材搭配換氣也能有效降低黴菌發芽之風險，於夏季改善率最高可達94%，其次為秋季改善率達44%。春季與冬季雖較夏季秋季改善率低，但也可對室內黴菌發芽環境改善13%。且使用花旗松時夏季空調耗電量相較於無使用調濕建材降低了5.41 kWh，側柏降低了6.74 kWh，顯示使用調濕建材搭配通風換氣除了可以改善室內空氣品質、降低黴菌孳生，更可達節能之效果。

Indoor moisture concerns, which directly affect indoor biological pollutants, are receiving worldwide attention. In Western countries, extensive research concerning the effect of humidity on human health has been conducted. Taiwan is located in a subtropical region and has a climate with high temperatures and high humidity. According to data, the monthly average relative humidity (RH) for the major cities in Taiwan is between 70% and 85% (1981–2010). The Environmental Protection Administration of Taiwan publishes the recommended concentration limits of indoor pollutants, including fungi and bacteria, which represent moisture-related pollution. In summer, Taiwan experiences a higher indoor concentration of fungi than the United States or Finland do, which indicates that Taiwan has a more suitable climate for the growth of fungi.
Mold, dust mites, and other microorganisms are the causes of asthma and allergies. Air pollution has caused medical treatment of asthma to increase. Thus, Taiwan’s high temperature and high humidity present a high risk for the growth of mold and other microorganisms.
Moisture buffering is a passive design method that uses the adsorption and desorption of porous moisture-buffering materials to reduce indoor moisture variation. Moisture buffering is considered to be more sustainable than mechanical and chemical solutions. The moisture-buffering effect can be discussed on three levels: the material, system, and room levels. The levels of these last three factors are essential to the moisture-buffering effect.
This study obtains the hygroscopic properties of Douglas fir and Western Red Cedar, and then presents a numerical simulation approach based on the effective moisture penetration depth (EMPD) method, which was performed using the EnergyPlus program developed by the U.S. Department of Energy. The results of the simulation are discussed using a mold germination graph to evaluate the mold growth risk in a single housing unit of 70 m3, and then, the energy consumption is discussed.
This results showed that for a housing unit of 70 m3, the optimal area of moisture buffering materials is 45 m2. The area more than 45 m2 is not effective. Also, the moisture buffering materials on vertical wall is better than the horizontal floor and ceiling. Moreover, the optimal ventilation rate is 12 ACH, which achieves a better moisture-buffering effect for a residential unit. However, during the hight humidity season (such as May), the active dehumidifier is suggested.
Furthermore, using the moisture buffering materials could reduce the mold germination risk about 94% in summer, 44% in fall and 13% in both spring and winter. Also, the energy consumption of using Douglas fir could reduce 5.41 kWh in summer, and Western Red Cedar could reduce 6.74 kWh. This demonstrates that using moisture buffering materials with ventilation could rise the indoor air quality, reduce the mold risk and decrease energy consumption.

謝誌.......i
摘要.......iii
Abstract.......v
圖目錄.......xi
表目錄.......xv
第1章 緒論.......1
1.1 研究背景.......1
1.1.1 永續建築發展與室內環境品質.......1
1.1.2 住宅室內環境濕氣問題.......1
1.1.3 室內環境品質、濕氣環境與環境效率.......2
1.1.4 室內濕氣調節策略.......3
1.2 研究目的.......3
1.3 研究範圍與步驟.......4
1.4 研究流程與架構.......4
第2章 文獻回顧與相關理論 .......7
2.1 室內濕度與空氣品質....... 7
2.2 室內濕度與人體健康 .......7
2.3 調濕建材原理與研究 .......8
2.4 濕氣物性相關理論.......9
2.4.1 濕氣傳導率.......9
2.4.2 平衡含水率.......9
2.5 數值模擬方法.......10
2.5.1 建築熱、空氣與濕氣數值模擬模型之方法....... 10
2.5.2 精算法.......13
2.5.3 簡算法.......13
2.6 建築耗能模擬軟體EnergyPlus之應用.......17
2.7 黴菌風險評估.......17
第3章 研究方法.......19
3.1 研究對象.......19
3.2 建材濕氣物性標準測定法.......19
3.2.1 濕氣傳導率測定方法 .......20
3.2.2 平衡含水率測定方法 .......22
3.3 EnergyPlus模擬設定.......23
3.3.1 模擬空間設定.......23
3.3.2 模擬空間濕氣產生量與通風換氣時程設定 .......23
3.3.3 濕氣平衡空氣方程式 .......25
3.4 黴菌發芽風險模型.......26
第4章 調濕建材濕氣物性實驗測定結果.......27
4.1 濕氣傳導率測定結果.......27
4.2 平衡含水率測定結果 .......28
4.3 有效濕氣滲透深度計算結果.......30
第5章 數值模擬結果.......31
5.1 花旗松模擬結果.......31
5.1.1 室內空間使用花旗松後之濕度模擬結果.......31
5.1.2 改變花旗松垂直設置面積.......32
5.1.3 改變花旗松水平設置面積.......35
5.1.4 改變室內通風換氣量 .......39
5.2 側柏模擬結果.......42
5.2.1 室內空間使用側柏後之濕度模擬結果.......42
5.2.2 改變側柏垂直設置面積.......44
5.2.3 改變側柏水平設置面積.......46
5.2.4 改變室內通風換氣量 .......50
5.3 花旗松與側柏模擬結果比較.......53
第6章 綜合評估.......55
6.1 室內環境品質評估.......55
6.1.1 花旗松之室內環境評估.......55
6.1.2 側柏之室內環境評估 .......57
6.1.3 花旗松與側柏綜合比較.......59
6.2 黴菌發芽模型評估.......61
6.2.1 黴菌發芽模型.......61
6.2.2 全年黴菌發芽風險比例評估.......64
6.2.3 黴菌發芽風險評估.......66
6.3 耗能評估.......81
第7章 結論與建議.......85
7.1 結論.......85
一、 EMPD法可以有效評估建材調濕之現象.......85
二、 調濕建材之使用面積會影響調濕之效果.......85
三、 搭配日間通風換氣可達較佳性能.......86
四、 使用調濕建材可降低健康風險.......86
五、 於梅雨季節建議調濕建材搭配主動式調濕手法.......87
六、 使用調濕建材不會增加能源消耗.......87
7.2 建議.......87
參考文獻 .......89

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