Natural products have played a major role in the development of medicine and remain the major source of new pharmaceutical lead compounds. Antrodia camphorata (Niu-Chang-Chih or Zhan-Ku), Polyporaceae, is a medicinal mushroom that has been used in Taiwan folk medicine for protection of diverse health-related conditions. In an effort to translate this eastern medicine into western-accepted therapy, a great deal of work has been carried out on A.camphorata crude extracts, however, little is known about the target compounds and their quantitative availability. This study results the isolation of twenty two secondary metabolites from fruiting bodies of A. camphorata. They were purified through multiple cycles of normal phase chromatography. The structural elucidation of the metabolites include thirteen lanostane-,seven ergostane-type triterpenoids, one sesquiterpenelactone (antrocin), one biphenyl and one fatty acid was enabled by the use of NMR techniques, and the assignment of absolute stereochemistry of antrocin was done using X-ray crystallographic analysis. The majority of the compounds have previously been reported in the literature, although this was the first time,to our knowledge, methyl dehydroeburicoate (104), methyl dehydroeburicoate monoacetate (105), 15α-acetyl dehydro-sulphurenic acid monoacetate (106), methyl dehydrosulphurenic acid (107) were described from A. camphorata. The triterpenoid 106 was reported for the first time from any source, and the spectral data for the compounds 104–107 were reported for the first time in the literature.
On the other hand, this study developed, for the first time, separation method reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for simultaneous determination of 10 characteristic triterpenoids, and a sesquiterpene lactone from A. camphorata. The analytical
results showed that this new method was simple, practical, and feasible with good precision,accuracy and repeatability. On the basis of the developed method, this study investigated the quantitative determination of triterpenoids in A. camphorata products. The method developed in this study can provide basic information about terpenoids analysis of A. camphorata, and will contribute to the current literature, allowing more accurate determination of terpenoids.

Natural products have played a major role in the development of medicine and remain the major source of new pharmaceutical lead compounds. Antrodia camphorata (Niu-Chang-Chih or Zhan-Ku), Polyporaceae, is a medicinal mushroom that has been used in Taiwan folk medicine for protection of diverse health-related conditions. In an effort to translate this eastern medicine into western-accepted therapy, a great deal of work has been carried out on A.camphorata crude extracts, however, little is known about the target compounds and their quantitative availability. This study results the isolation of twenty two secondary metabolites from fruiting bodies of A. camphorata. They were purified through multiple cycles of normal phase chromatography. The structural elucidation of the metabolites include thirteen lanostane-,seven ergostane-type triterpenoids, one sesquiterpenelactone (antrocin), one biphenyl and one fatty acid was enabled by the use of NMR techniques, and the assignment of absolute stereochemistry of antrocin was done using X-ray crystallographic analysis. The majority of the compounds have previously been reported in the literature, although this was the first time,to our knowledge, methyl dehydroeburicoate (104), methyl dehydroeburicoate monoacetate (105), 15α-acetyl dehydro-sulphurenic acid monoacetate (106), methyl dehydrosulphurenic acid (107) were described from A. camphorata. The triterpenoid 106 was reported for the first time from any source, and the spectral data for the compounds 104–107 were reported for the first time in the literature.
On the other hand, this study developed, for the first time, separation method reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) for simultaneous determination of 10 characteristic triterpenoids, and a sesquiterpene lactone from A. camphorata. The analytical
results showed that this new method was simple, practical, and feasible with good precision,accuracy and repeatability. On the basis of the developed method, this study investigated the quantitative determination of triterpenoids in A. camphorata products. The method developed in this study can provide basic information about terpenoids analysis of A. camphorata, and will contribute to the current literature, allowing more accurate determination of terpenoids.

Dedication …………………….…………………………………………… i
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………… ii
Abstract……………………………………..…………………………….... iii
Chapter–1: Literature review on Antrodia camphorata: Biological activities of
crude extracts and isolated constituents………………………………… 1
1.1. Taxonomical Description………………………………………………….. 3
1.2. Ethnomedicine……………………………………………………………… 4
1.3. Pharmacological Effects of Crude Extracts……………………………… 5
1.3.1. Anti-cancer Activities…………………………………………………. 6
1.3.2. Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory Effects………………………. 10
1.3.3. Anti-oxidant Activities………………………………………………... 12
1.3.4. Hepatoprotective Activity…………………………………………….. 13
1.3.5. Prevention of Liver Fibrosis………………………………………….. 15
1.3.6. Anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) Replication…………………………….. 15
1.3.7. Antihypertensive Effect……………………………………………….. 15
1.3.8. Neuroprotective Effect………………………………………………... 16
1.3.9. Vasorelaxation effect…………………………………………………. 16
1.4. Chemical Constituents……………………………………………………... 17
1.5. Bioactivities of Isolated Compounds……………………………………… 27
1.5.1. Polysaccharides………………………………………………………. 33
1.6. Aims of the Study…………………………………………………………... 34
Chapter–2: Extraction, isolation and identification of constituents from
fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata………………………………… 36
2.1. Materials……………………………………………………………………. 37
2.1.1. Thin Layer Chromatography……………………………………………... 37
2.1.2. Column Chromatography (CC) ………………………………………….. 38
2.2. Extraction and Isolation of Constituents from batch I A. camphorata... 38
2.2.1. Separation of CHCl3 Extract into Six Fractions…………………………. 39
2.2.2. Isolation of Pure Compounds……………………………………………... 39
2.2.3. Identification of Purified Compounds from Batch I of A. camphorata… 41
AC-I-2: (2,2'',5,5''-Tetramethoxy-3,4,3'',4''-bi-methylenedioxy-6,6''-
dimethylbiphenyl) ……………………………………………………….
41
AC-I-3: (Ergosterol) ……………………………………………………. 43
AC-I-4: (Dehydroeburicoic acid) …………………………………………. 44
Preparation of dehydroeburicoic acid monoacetate (AC-I-4A)……………. 46
Preparation of methyl dehydroeburicoate (AC-I-4B, 104)………………….. 48
Preparation of methyl dehydroeburicoate monoacetate (AC-I-4C)………… 49
AC-I-5: (Sulphurenic acid) ………………………………………………… 50
AC-I-6: (3β, 15α-Dihydroxy lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-triene-21-oic acid)…….. 52
AC-I-7: (Antcin A) ……………………………………………………......... 53
AC-I-8: (Antcin B or Zhankuic acid A) ………………………………........ 55
AC-I-9: (Antcin C) ……………………………………………………........ 56
AC-I-10: (Antcin H or Zhankuic acid C) …………………………………... 58
2.3. Extraction and Isolation of Batch II A. camphorata……………………....... 60
2.3.1. Isolation of Constituents from batch II A. camphorata extracts………......... 60
2.3.1.1. From n-hexane extract……………………………………………… 60
2.3.1.2. From CHCl3 extract………………………………………………… 61
2.3.2. Characterization and Structure Determination of the Isolated Compounds… 63
AC-II-1: (Antrocin) ……………………………………………………….. 64
AC-II-5: (Eburicol) ………………………………………………………… 67
AC-II-6: (15α-Acetyl-dehydrosulphurenic acid)…………………………… 69
Preparation of 15α-acetyldehydrosulphurenic acid monoacetate (AC-II-6A) 71
AC-II-7: (Methyl antcinate B) ……………………………………………… 72
AC-II-9: (Methyl antcinate A) ……………………………………………… 73
AC-II-12: (Dehydrosulphurenic acid) ……………………………………… 75
Preparation of methyl dehydrosulphurenic acid (AC-II-12A)………………. 77
AC-II-13: (Antcin K) ………………………………………………….......... 78
2.4. Physical Constants and Spectral Data for the Prepared Compounds from
Batch I and/or II of A. camphorata…………………………………
81
Chapter–3: High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of constituents
from Antrodia camphorata…………………………………………… 92
3.1. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Introduction… 93
3.2. Analysis of A. camphorata Triterpenoids by RP-HPLC-DAD……... 95
3.2.1. Instrumentation………………………………………………………. 97
3.2.2. Materials and Reagents………………………………………………. 99
3.2.3. Sample Preparation…………………………………………………... 99
3.2.4. Chromatographic Conditions………………………………………… 100
3.2.4.1. Effect of Detection Wavelength……………………………………. 100
3.2.4.2. Effect of Organic Modifier…………………………………………. 102
3.2.4.3. Elution Mode……………………………………………………….. 104
3.2.4.4. Effect of Flow Rate…………………………………………………. 105
3.2.4.5. Effect of Acid in Mobile Phase……………………………………... 107
3.2.4.6. Final Optimized
Conditions…………………………………………
3.3. Method Validation…………………………………………………………. 110
3.3.1. Calibration curves……………………………………………………. 110
3.3.2. Precision and Accuracy……………………………………………. 113
3.3.3. Identification of Analyzed Triterpenoids from Crude Extracts of A.
camphorata…………………………………………………………………..
116
3.3.4. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ)……….. 118
3.3.5. Stability……………………………………………………………….. 120
3.4. Quantitative determination of triterpenoids in A. camphorata Products........ 121
3.5. Application of Developed HPLC Method for the Analysis of Triterpenoid
Derivatives…………………………………………………...........................
124
3.6. Analysis of Antrocin……………………………………………………….. 125
Chapter 4: Biological results, conclusions and future considerations………………… 131
4.1. Biological Results.................................................................................... 132
4.2. Contributed Publications.............................................................................. 136
I. Journal publications.................................................................................. 136
II. Conference publications........................................................................... 136
III. Patents...................................................................................................... 136
4.3. Conclusions..................................................................................................... 137
4.4. Future Considerations……………………………………………………... 138
References……………………………………………………………………………… 141
Appendix……………………………………………………………………………….. 157
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 2.1 Fruiting bodies of batch I A. camphorata obtained from solid state
wood cultivation. ………………………………………………………
39
Fig. 2.2 Schematic diagram illustrating the extraction schemes leading to
isolation of ten pure constituents from batch I of A. camphorata……...
41
Fig. 2.3 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-2 (2,2'',5,5''-tetramethoxy-3,4,3'',4''-bimethylenedioxy-
6,6''-dimethylbiphenyl, 17). ………………………….
42
Fig. 2.4 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-2 (2,2'',5,5''-Tetramethoxy-3,4,3'',4''-bimethylenedioxy-
6,6''-dimethylbiphenyl, 17).………………………......
42
Fig. 2.5 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-3 (ergosterol, 93)………………………… 43
Fig. 2.6 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-3 (ergosterol, 93)………………………... 44
Fig. 2.7 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-4 (dehydroeburicoic acid, 81)……………. 45
Fig. 2.8 13C NMR spectrum of A.C.-I-4 (dehydroeburicoic acid, 81)………….. 45
Fig. 2.9 DEPT spectrum of AC-I-4 (dehydroeburicoic acid, 81)………………. 46
Fig. 2.10 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-4A (dehydroeburicoic acid monoacetate,
103). ……………………………………………………………………
47
Fig. 2.11 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-4A (dehydroeburicoic acid monoacetate,103)...…………………………………………………………………… 47
Fig. 2.12 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-4B (methyl dehydroeburicoate, 104)……... 48
Fig. 2.13 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-4B (methyl dehydroeburicoate, 104)…….. 49
Fig. 2.14 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-4C (methyl dehydroeburicoate
monoacetate, 105). ……………………………………………………..
49
Fig. 2.15 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-4C (methyl dehydroeburicoate
monoacetate, 105). ……………………………………………………..
50
Fig. 2.16 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-5 (sulphurenic acid, 85)…………………... 51
Fig. 2.17 Fig. 2.16. 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-5 (sulphurenic acid, 85)……… 51
Fig. 2.18 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-6 (3β, 15α-dihydroxy lanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-
triene-21-oic acid, 88). …………………………………………………
52
Fig. 2.19 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-6 (3β, 15α-dihydroxy lanosta-7, 9 (11),
24-triene-21-oic acid, 88) ……………………………………………...
53
Fig. 2.20 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-7 (antcin A, 53)...…………………………. 54
Fig. 2.21 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-7 (Antcin A, 53)…………………………. 54
Fig. 2.22 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-8 (antcin B, 54)…………………………… 55
Fig. 2.23 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-8 (antcin B, 54)…………………………... 56
Fig. 2.24 DEPT spectrum of AC-I-8 (antcin B, 54)……………………………… 56
Fig. 2.25 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-9 (antcin C, 55)…………………………… 57
Fig. 2.26 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-9 (antcin C, 55)…………………………... 58
Fig. 2.27 1H NMR spectrum of AC-I-10 (zhankuic acid C, 59)………………….. 59
Fig. 2.28 13C NMR spectrum of AC-I-10 (zhankuic acid C, 59)………………… 59
Fig. 2.29 Wild fruiting bodies of batch II A. camphorata………………………... 60
Fig. 2.30 Schematic diagram illustrating the extraction schemes leading to
isolation of fifteen pure constituents from batch II of A. camphorata….
62
Fig. 2.31 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-1 (antrocin, 45)…………………………... 65
Fig. 2.32 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-1 (antrocin, 45)………………………….. 65
Fig. 2.33 DEPT spectrum of AC-II-1 (antrocin, 45)……………………………... 66
Fig. 2.34 NOESY spectrum of AC-II-1 (antrocin, 45)…………………………… 66
Fig. 2.35 ORTEP derived from the single crystal X-ray analysis of AC-II-1
(antrocin, 45). …………………………………………………………..
67
Fig. 2.36 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-5 (eburicol, 87). …………………………. 68
Fig. 2.37 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-5 (eburicol, 87). ………………………… 68
Fig. 2.38 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-6 (15α-acetyl-dehydrosulphurenic acid,
83). ………………………………………………………………….......
70
Fig. 2.39 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-6 (15α-acetyl-dehydrosulphurenic acid,
83). …………………………………………………………………...
70
Fig. 2.40 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-6A (15α-acetyl-dehydrosulphurenic acid
monoacetate, 106). ……………………………………………..............
71
Fig. 2.41 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-6A (15α-acetyl-dehydrosulphurenic acid
monoacetate, 106). ……………………………………………..............
72
Fig. 2.42 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-7 (methyl antcinate B, 66)……………...... 72
Fig. 2.43 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-7 (methyl antcinate B, 66)………………. 73
Fig. 2.44 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-9 (methyl antcinate A, 65)……………….. 74
Fig. 2.45 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-9 (methyl antcinate A, 65)……………… 74
Fig. 2.46 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-12 (dehydrosulphurenic acid, 82). ………. 76
Fig. 2.47 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-12 (dehydrosulphurenic acid, 82)………. 76
Fig. 2.48. 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-12A (methyl dehydrosulphurenic acid,
107) …………………………………………………………………….
77
Fig. 2.49. 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-12A (methyl dehydrosulphurenic acid,
107) ……………………………………………………………………..
77
Fig. 2.50 1H NMR spectrum of AC-II-13 (antcin K, 61)………………………… 78
Fig. 2.51 13C NMR spectrum of AC-II-13 (antcin K, 61). ………………………. 79
Fig. 2.52 Chemical structures of prepared compounds from batch I and/or II of
A. camphorata. …………………………………………………………
80
Fig. 3.1. Chemical structures of HPLC analyzed triterpenoids 1–12 from
Antrodia camphorata……………………………………………….......
98
Fig. 3.2. Effect of UV detection wavelength on HPLC separation of A.
camphorata triterpenoids……………………………………………….
101
Fig. 3.3. Effect of organic modifier on HPLC separation of A. camphorata
triterpenoids……………………………………………………………..
103
Fig. 3.4. Effect of elution mode on HPLC separation of A. camphorata
triterpenoids……………………………………………………………..
105
Fig. 3.5. Effect of flow rate on HPLC separation of A. camphorata
triterpenoids…………………………………………………………..
106
Fig. 3.6. Effect of acid in mobile phase on HPLC separation of A. camphorata
triterpenoids……………………………………………………………..
108
Fig. 3.7. HPLC chromatogram of triterpenoids …………………………………. 110
Fig. 3.8. Calibration curves of Antrodia triterpenoids 1–12…………………....... 111
Fig. 3.9. The HPLC-DAD chromatograms of CHCl3 extract from batch II A.
camphorata spiked with standard triterpenoids 1–12…………………..
117
Fig. 3.10. HPLC chromatograms of the A. camphorata products………………… 122
Fig. 3.11. HPLC analysis of 15α-acetyl dehydrosulphurenic acid monoacetate
(106) and methyl dehydrosulphurinic acid (107)……………………….
125
Fig. 3.12. HPLC analysis of antrocin. ……………………………………………. 128
Fig. 3.13. Calibration curve of antrocin ………………………………………….. 129
Fig. 3.14. The HPLC-DAD chromatograms of n-hexane extract from batch II A.
camphorata
130
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Chemical constituents reported from Antrodia camphorata. ………… 18
Table 1.2 Reported biological activities of pure compounds from Antrodia
camphorata. ……………………………………………………………
28
Table 2.1 Identified similar compounds from batch I and batch II of A.
camphorata……………………………………………………………..
63
Table 3.1. The linearity range, UV absorption maxima (in nm), retention time (rt),
and coefficients of determination (R) of Antrodia triterpenoids 1–12…..
114
Table 3.2. Intra-day and inter-day repeatability of HPLC analysis of A.
camphorata triterpenoids………………………………………………
115
Table 3.3. Recoveries of triterpenoids 1–12 from batch II A. camphorata CHCl3
extract………………………………………………………………….. 119
Table 3.4. The value of LOD’s and LOQ’s of A. camphorata triterpenoids 1–12.. 120
Table.3.5. Triterpenoids content (mean content %) in A. camphorata products...... 124
Table 4.1. Biological activities of isolated compounds reported by our group…… 133

REFERENCES
1. Lee, K.H. (2010). Discovery and development of natural product-derived
chemotherapeutic agents based on a medicinal chemistry approach. J. Nat. Prod. 73,
500–516.
2. Dandapani, S., and Marcaurelle, L.A. (2010). Current strategies for diversity-oriented
synthesis. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 14, 362–370.
3. La Clair, J.J. (2010). Natural product mode of action (MOA) studies: a link between
natural and synthetic worlds. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27, 969–995.
4. Harvey, A.L. (2008). Natural products in drug discovery. Drug. Discov. Today 13, 894–
901.
5. Chang, T.T, and Chou, W.W. (1995). Antrodia cinnamomea sp. nov. on Cinnamomum
kanehirai in Taiwan. Mycol. Res. 99, 756–758.
6. Wu, S.H., Ryvarden, L., and Chang, T.T. (1997). Antrodia camphorata (“niu-changchih”),
new combination of a medicinal fungus in Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 38, 273–
275.
7. Chen, J.C., Lin, W.H., Chen, C.N., Sheu, S.J., Huang, S.J., and Chen, Y.L. (2001).
Development of Antrodia camphorata mycelium with submerged culture. Fung. Sci. 16,
7–22.
8. Tsai, Z.T., and Liaw, S.L. (1985). The use and the effect of Ganoderma: San Yun Press,
Taichung, Taiwan, 116–117.
9. Chen, C.J., Su, C.H., and Lan, M.H. (2001). Study on solid cultivation and bioactivity of
Antrodia camphorata. Fung. Sci. 16, 65–72.
10. Zang, M., and Su, Q.H. (1990). Ganoderma comphoratum, a new taxon in genus
Ganoderma from Taiwan, China. Acta. Bot. Yun. 12, 395–396.
11. Chang, T.T., and Chou, W.W. (2004). Antrodia cinnamomea reconsidered and A.
salmonea sp. nov. on Cunninghamia konishii in Taiwan. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 45, 347–
352.
12. Wu, S.H., Yu, Z.H., Dai, Y.C., Chen, C.T., Su, C.H., Chen, L.C., Hsu, W. C., and
Hwang, G.Y. (2004). Taiwanofungus, a polypore new genus. Fung. Sci. 19, 109–116.
13. Chiu, H.H. (2007). Phylogenetic analysis of Antrodia species and Antrodia camphorata
inferred from internal transcribed spacer region. Anton van Leeuwen. 91, 267–276.
14. Hawksworth, D.L., Kirk, P.M., Sutton, B.C., and Pegler, D.N. Ainsworth and Bisby’s
Dictionary of the Fungi: 8th ed. International Mycological Institute, Egham, United
Kingdom, 1995.
15. Su, C.H. Health Guardian Angel: Antrodia camphorata, 1st ed. EKS Book Publishing
Co., Taipei, Taiwan, 2002.
16. Chen, J.C. King of Ganoderma: Antrodia camphorata in Taiwan: 2nd ed. Yuen Chi Jai
Book Publishing Co., Taipei, Taiwan, 2008.
17. Cheng, J.J., Yang, C.J., Cheng, C.H., Wang, Y.T., Huang, N.K., and Lu, M.K. (2005).
Characterization and functional study of Antrodia camphorata lipopolysaccharide. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 53, 469–474.
18. Ao, Z.H., Xu, Z.H., Lu, Z.M., Xu, H.Y., Zhang, X.M., and Dou, W.F. (2009).
Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating liver diseases. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 121, 194–212.
19. Geethangili, M., and Tzeng, Y. M. (2009). Review of pharmacological effects of
Antrodia camphorata and its bioactive compounds. Evid. Based. Complement. Alternat.
Med. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep108.
20. Chen, Y.C., Ho, H.O., Su, C.H., and Sheu, M.T. (2010). Anticancer effects of
Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts, isolated compounds, and its combination use. J.
Exp. Clinic. Med. doi:10.1016/j.jecm.2010.08.003.
21. Hsu, Y.L., Kuo, Y.C., Kuo, P.L., Ng, L.T., Kuo, Y.H., and Lin, C.C. (2005). Apoptotic
effects of extract from Antrodia camphorata fruiting bodies in human hepatocellular
carcinoma cell lines. Cancer Lett. 221, 77–89.
22. Kuo, P.L., Hsu, Y.L., Cho, C.Y., Ng, L.T., Kuo, Y.H., and Lin, C.C. (2006). Apoptotic
effects of Antrodia cinnamomea fruiting bodies extract are mediated through calcium and
calpain-dependent pathways in Hep3B cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 44, 1316–1326.
23. Hsu, Y.L., Kuo, P.L., Cho, C.Y., Ni, W.C., Tzeng, T.F., Ng, L.T., Kuo, Y.H., and Lin,
C.C. (2007). Antrodia cinnamomea fruiting bodies extract suppresses the invasive
potential of human liver cancer cell line PLC/PRF/5 through inhibition of nuclear factor-
κB pathway. Food Chem. Toxicol. 45, 1249–1257.
24. Rao, Y.K., Fang, S.H., and Tzeng, Y.M. (2007). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and
anti-proliferation tumoral cells activities of Antrodia camphorata, Cordyceps sinensis,
and Cinnamomum osmophloeum bark extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 114, 78–85.
25. Chang, C.Y., Huang, Z.N., Yu, H.H., Chang, L.H., Li, S.L., Chen, Y.P., Lee, K.Y., and
Chuu, J.J. (2008). The adjuvant effects of Antrodia camphorata extracts combined with
anti-tumor agents on multidrug resistant human hepatoma cells. J. Ethnopharmacol. 118,
387–395.
26. Lu, M.C., Du, Y.C., Chuu, J.J., Hwang, S.L., Hsieh, P.C., Hung, C.S., Chang, F.R., and
Wu, Y.C. (2009). Active extracts of wild fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata (EEAC)
induce leukemia HL 60 cells apoptosis partially through histone hypoacetylation and
synergistically promote anticancer effect of trichostatin A. Arch. Toxicol. 83, 121–129.
27. Huang, C.H., Chang, C.C., Lin, C.M., Wang, S.T., Wu, M.T., Li, E.I., Chang, H.C., and
Lin, C.C. (2010). Promoting effect of Antrodia camphorata as an immunomodulating
adjuvant on the antitumor efficacy of HER-2/neu DNA vaccine. Cancer Immunol.
Immunother. 59, 1259–1272.
28. Huang, C.C., Cheng, H.H., Wang, J.L., Cheng, J.S., Chai, K.L., Fang, Y.C., Kuo, C.C.,
Chu, S.T., Ho, C.M., Lin, K.L., Tsai, J.Y., and Jan, C.R. (2009). Effects of Antrodia
camphorata extracts on the viability, apoptosis, [Ca2+]i, and MAPKs phosphorylation of
OC2 human oral cancer cells. Chin. J. Physiol. 52, 128–135.
29. Hseu, Y.C., Chang, W.C., Hseu, Y.T., Lee, C.Y., Yech, Y.J., Chen, P.C., Chen, J.Y., and
Yang, H.L. (2002). Protection of oxidative damage by aqueous extract from Antrodia
camphorata mycelia in normal human erythrocytes. Life Sci. 71, 469–482.
30. Hseu, Y.C., Yang, H.L., Lai, Y.C., Lin, J.G., Chen, G.W., and Chang, Y.H. (2004).
Induction of apoptosis by Antrodia camphorata in human premyelocytic leukemia HL-60
cells. Nutr. Cancer 48, 189–197.
31. Wu, H., Pan, C.L., Yao, Y.C., Chang, S.S., Li, S.L., and Wu, T.F. (2006). Proteomic
analysis of the effect of Antrodia camphorata extract on human lung cancer A549 cell.
Proteomics 6, 826–835.
32. Song, T.Y., Hsu, S.L., and Yen, G.C. (2005). Induction of apoptosis in human heptoma
cells by mycelium of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture. J. Ethnopharmacol.
100, 158–167.
33. Song, T.Y., Hsu, S.L., Yeh, C.T., and Yen, G.C. (2005). Mycelia from Antrodia
camphorata in submerged culture induced apoptosis of human heptoma HepG2 cells
possibility through regulation of Fas pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 5559–5564.
34. Chen, Y.S., Pan, J.H., Chiang, B.H., Lu, F.J., and Sheen, L.Y. (2008). Ethanolic extracts
of Antrodia cinnamomea mycelia fermented at varied times and scales have differential
effects on hepatoma cells and normal primary hepatocytes. J. Food Sci. 73, H179–H185.
35. Yang, H.L., Chen, C.S., Chang, W.H., Lu, F.J., Lai, Y.C., Chen, C.C., Chen, J.Y., and
Yang, H.L. (2006). Growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 breast cancer
cells by Antrodia camphorata. Cancer Lett. 231, 215–227.
36. Hseu, Y.C., Chen, S.C., Tsai, P.C., Chen, C.S., Lu, F.J., Chang, N.W., Chen, J.Y., and
Yang, H.L. (2007). Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 and induction of apoptosis in
estrogen-nonresponsive breast cancer cells by Antrodia camphorata. Food Chem.
Toxicol. 45, 1107–1115.
37. Hseu, Y.C., Chen, S.C., Chen, H.C., Liao, J.W., and Yang, H.L. (2008). Antrodia
camphorata inhibits proliferation of human breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Food
Chem. Toxicol. 46, 2680–2688.
38. Peng, C.C., Chen, K.C., Peng, R.Y., Su, C.H., and Hsieh-Li, H.M. (2006). Human
urinary bladder cancer T24 cells are susceptible to the Antrodia camphorata extracts.
Cancer Lett. 243, 109–119.
39. Peng, C.C., Chen, K.C., Peng, R.Y., Chyau, C.C., Su, C.H., and Hsieh-Li H.M. (2007).
Antrodia camphorata extract induces replicate senescence in superficial TCC, and
inhibits the absolute migration capability in invasive bladder carcinoma cells. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 109, 93–103.
40. Chen, K.C., Peng, C.C., Peng, R.Y., Su, C.H., Chiang, H.S., Yan, J.H., Yan, J.H., and
Hsieh-Li, H.M. (2007). Unique formosan mushroom Antrodia camphorata differentially
inhibits androgen-responsive LNCaP and -independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Nutr.
Cancer 57, 111–121.
41. Lu, M.K., Cheng, J.J., Lai, W.L., Lin, Y.J., and Huang, N.K. (2008). Fermented Antrodia
cinnamomea extract protects rat PC-12 cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis:
the role of the MAPK family. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 865–874.
42. Ho, C.M., Huang, C.C., Huang, C.J., Cheng, J.S., Chen, I.S., Tsai, J.Y., Jiann, B.P.,
Tseng, P.L., Kuo, S.J., and Jan, C.R. (2008). Effects of Antrodia camphorata on viability,
apoptosis, and [Ca2+]i in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells. Chin. J. Physiol. 51, 78–84.
43. Lu, Y.C., Huang, C.C., Huang, C.J., Chu, S.T., Chi, C.C., Su, H.H., Hsu, S.S., Wang,
J.L., Chen, I.S., Liu, S.I., Huang, J.K., Ho, C.M., Kuo, S.J., and Jan, C.R. (2007). Effects
of Antrodia camphorata on viability, apoptosis, [Ca2+]i , and MAPKs phosphorylation in
MG63 human osteosarcoma cells. Drug Dev. Res. 68, 71–78.
44. Chan, Y.Y., Chang, C.S., Chien, L.H., and Wu, T.F. (2010). Apoptotic effects of a high
performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fraction of Antrodia camphorata mycelia
are mediated by down-regulation of the expressions of four tumor-related genes in human
non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cell. J. Ethnopharmacol. 127, 652–661.
45. Yang, H.L., Kuo, Y.H., Tsai, C.T., Huang, Y.T., Chen, S.C., Chang, H.W., Lin, E., Lin,
W.H., and Hseu, Y.C. (2010). Anti-metastatic activities of Antrodia camphorata against
human breast cancer cells mediated through suppression of the MAPK signaling
pathway. Food Chem. Toxicol. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.10.031.
46. Chiou, J.F., Wu, A.T.H., Wang, W.T., Kuo, T.H., Gelovani, J.G., Lin, I.H., Wu, C.H.,
Chiu, W.T., and Deng, W.P. (2010). A preclinical evaluation of Antrodia camphorata
alcohol extracts in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer using non-invasive
molecular imaging. Evid. Based Complement Alternat. Med. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep228.
47. Aydemir, G. (2002). Research on nutrition and cancer: the importance of the standardized
dietary assessments. Asian Pacific J. Cancer Prev. 3, 177–180.
48. Shen, Y.C., Chou, C.J., Wang, Y.H., Chen, C.F., Chou, Y.C., and Lu, M.K. (2004). Antiinflammatory
activity of the extracts from mycelia of Antrodia camphorata cultured with
water-soluble fractions from five different Cinnamomum species. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
231, 137–143.
49. Hseu, Y.C., Wu, F.Y., Wu, J.J., Chen, J.Y., Chang, W.H., Lu, F.J., Lai, Y.C., and Yang,
H.L. (2005). Anti-inflammatory potential of Antrodia camphorata through inhibition of iNOS, COX-2 and cytokines via the NF-κB pathway. Int. Immunopharmacol. 5, 1914–
1925.
50. Liu, D.Z., Liang, H.J., Chen, C.H., Su, C.H., Lee, T.H., Huang, C.T., Hou, W.C., Lin,
S.Y., Zhong, W.B., Lin, P.J., Hung, L.F., and Liang, Y.C. (2007). Comparative antiinflammatory
characterization of wild fruiting body, liquid-state fermentation, and solidstate
culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its
action. J. Ethnopharmacol. 113, 45–53.
51. Kuo, M.C., Chang, C.Y., Cheng, T.L., and Wu, M.J. (2008). Immunomodulatory effect
of Antrodia camphorata mycelia and culture filtrate. J. Ethnopharmacol. 120, 196–203.
52. Chang, J.M., Lee, Y.R., Hung, L.M., Liu, S.Y., Kuo, M.T., Wen, W.C., and Chen, P.
(2008). An extract of Antrodia camphorata mycelia attenuates the progression of
nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. Evid. Based
Complement. Alternat. Med. doi:10.1093/ecam/nen057.
53. Hseu, Y.C., Huang, H.C., and Hsiang, C.Y. (2010). Antrodia camphorata suppresses
lipopolysaccharide-induced nuclear factor-κB activation in transgenic mice evaluated by
bioluminescence imaging. Food Chem. Toxicol. 48, 2319–2325.
54. Lin, S.Y., Sheen, L.Y., Chiang, B.H., Yang, J.S., Pan, J.H., Chang, Y.H., Hsu, Y.M.,
Chiang, J.H., Lu, C.C., Wu, C.L., and Chung, J.G. (2010). Dietary effect of Antrodia
camphorata extracts on immune responses in WEHI-3 leukemia BALB/c mice. Nutr.
Cancer. 62, 593–600.
55. Liu, K.J., Leu, S.J., Su, C.H., Chiang, B.L., Chen, Y.L., and Lee, Y.L. (2010).
Administration of polysaccharides from Antrodia camphorata modulates dendritic cell
function and alleviates allergen-induced T helper type 2 responses in a mouse model of
asthma. Immunology 129, 351–362.
56. Sheu, F., Chien, P.J., Hsieh, K.Y., Chin, K.L., Huang, W.T., Tsao, C.Y., Chen, Y.F.,
Cheng, H.C., and Chang, H.H. (2009). Purification, cloning, and functional
characterization of a novel immunomodulatory protein from Antrodia camphorata (Bitter
Mushroom) that exhibits TLR2-dependent NF-κB activation and M1 polarization within
murine macrophages. J. Agric. Food Chem. 57, 4130–4141.
57. Lu, M.C., Hwang, S.L., Chang, F.R., Chen, Y.H., Chang, T.T., Hung, C.S., Wang, C.L.,
Chu, Y.H., Pan, S.H., and Wu, Y.C. (2009). Immunostimulatory effect of Antrodia
camphorata extract on functional maturation of dendritic cells. Food Chem. 113, 1049–
1057.
58. Song, T.Y., and Yen, G.C. (2002). Antioxidant properties of Antrodia camphorata in
submerged culture. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 3322–3327.
59. Hsiao, G., Shen, M.Y., Lin, K.H., Lan, M.H., Wu, L.Y., Chou, D.S., Lin, C.H., Su, C.H.,
and Sheu, J.R. (2003). Antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects of Antrodia
camphorata extract. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 3302–3308.
60. Mau, J.L., Huang, P.N., Huang, S.J., and Chen, C.C. (2004). Antioxidant properties of
methanol extract from two kinds of Antrodia camphorata mycelia. Food Chem. 86, 25–
31.
61. Shu, C. H., and Lung, M.Y. (2008). Effect of culture pH on the antioxidant properties of
Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture. J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 39, 1–8.
62. Yang, H.L., Hseu, Y.C., Chen, J.Y., Yech, Y.J., Lu, F.J., Wang, H.H., Lin, P.S, and
Wang, B.C. (2006). Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture protects low density
lipoproteins against oxidative modification. Am. J. Chin. Med. 34, 217–231.
63. Hseu, Y.C., Chen, S.C., Yech, Y.J., Wang, L., and Yang, H.L. (2008). Antioxidant
activity of Antrodia camphorata on free radical-induced endothelial cell damage. J.
Ethnopharmacol. 118, 237–245.
64. Huang, S. J., and Mau, J.L. (2007). Antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from
Antrodia camphorata with various doses of γ-irradiation. Food Chem. 105, 1702–1710.
65. Cha, W.S., Ding, J.L., and Choi, D.B. (2010). Comparative evaluation of antioxidant,
nitrite scavenging, and antitumor effects of Antrodia camphorata extract. Biotechnol.
Bioprocess Eng. 14, 232-237.
66. Dai, Y.Y., Chuang, C.H., Tsai, C.C., Sio, H.M., Huang, S.C., Chen, J.C., and Hu, M.L.
(2003). The protection of Antrodia camphorata against acute hepatotoxicity of alcohol in
rats. J. Food Drug Anal. 11, 177–185.
67. Lu, Z.M., Tao, W.Y., Zou, X.L., Fu, H.Z., and Ao, Z.H. (2007). Protective effects of
mycelia of Antrodia camphorata and Armillariella tabescens in submerged culture
against ethanol-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 110, 160–164.
68. Song, T.Y., and Yen, G.C. (2003). Protective effects of fermented filtrate from Antrodia
camphorata in submerged culture against CCl4-induced hepatic toxicity in rats. J. Agric.
Food Chem. 51, 1571–1577.
69. Huang, J.S., Chang, H.C., Li, E.I.C., Huang, T.M., Su, Y.H., and Wang, K.C. (2006).
Enhancement of hepatoprotective efficacy of Antrodia camphorata by Chinese tradition
medicine. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, A234.
70. Huang, C.H., Chang, Y.Y., Liu, C.W., Kang, W.Y., Lin, Y.L., Chang, H.C., and Chen,
Y.C. (2010). Fruiting body of Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) protects livers
against chronic alcohol consumption damage. J. Agric. Food Chem. 58, 3859–3866.
71. Lu, Z.M., Tao, W.Y., Xu, H.Y., Ao, Z.H., Zhang, X.M., and Xu. Z.H. (2010). Further
studies on the hepatoprotective effect of Antrodia camphorata in submerged culture on
ethanol-induced acute liver injury in rats. Nat. Prod. Res. DOI:
10.1080/14786410802525487.
72. Lin, W.C., Kuo, S.C., Lin, W.L., Fang, H.L., and Wang, B.C. (2006). Filtrate of
fermented mycelia from Antrodia camphorata reduces liver fibrosis induced by carbon
tetrachloride in rats. World J. Gastroenterol. 12, 2369–2374.
73. Guo, S.Q. Ameliorative effects of Antrodia camphorata on liver fibrosis and
gastrointestinal functions in rats. Master Thesis. China Medical College, Taiwan: 2002.
74. Chen, J.C., Chen, C.N., Sheu, S.J., Hu, M.L., Tsai, C.C., Dai, Y.Y., Sio, H.M., and
Chuang, C.H. Liver-caring medicine containing Antrodia camphorata. US 0113297-
2003-6-19: 2003.
75. Huang, R.L., Huang, Q., Chen, C.F., Chang, T.T., and Chou, C.J. (2003). Anti-viral
effects of active compounds from Antrodia camphorata on wild-type and
lamivudineresistant mutant HBV. Chin. Pharm. J. 55, 371–379.
76. Liu, D.Z., Liang, Y.C., Lin, S.Y., Lin, Y.S., Wu, W.C., Hou, W.C., and Su, C.H. (2007).
Antihypertensive activities of solid-state culture of Taiwanofungus camphoratus (Changchih)
in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 71, 23–30.
77. Huang, N.K., Cheng, J.J., Lai, W.L., and Lu, M.K. (2005). Antrodia camphorata prevents
rat pheochromocytoma cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. FEMS
Microbiol. Lett. 244, 213–219.
78. Wang, G.J., Tseng, H.W., Chou, C.J., Tsai, T.H., Chen, C.T., and Lu, M.K. (2003). The
vasorelaxation of Antrodia camphorata mycelia: involvement of endothelial Ca(2+)-NOcGMP
pathway. Life Sci. 73, 2769–2783.
79. Li, Y.H., Chung, H.C., Liu, S.L., Chao, T.H., and Chen, J.C. (2009). A novel inhibitory
effect of Antrodia camphorata extract on vascular smooth muscle cell migration and
neointima formation in mice. Int. Heart J. 50, 207–220.
80. Wu, D.P., and Chiang, C.H. (1995). Constituents of Antrodia cinnamomea. J. Chin.
Chem. Soc. 42, 797–800.
81. Chiang, H.C., Wu, D.P., Cherng, I.W., and Ueng, C.H. (1995). A sesquiterpene lactone,
phenyl and biphenyl compounds from Antrodia cinnamomea. Phytochem. 39, 613–616.
82. Chen, J.J., Lin, W.J., Liao, C.H., and Shieh, P.C. (2007). Anti-inflammatory benzenoids
from Antrodia camphorata. J. Nat. Prod. 70, 989–992.
83. Shi, L.S., Chao, C.H., Shen, D.Y., Chan, H.H., Chen, C.H., Liao, Y.R., Wu, S.J., Leu,
Y.L., Shen, Y.C., Kuo, Y.H., Lee, E.J., Qian, K., Wu, T.S., and Lee, K.H. (2010).
Biologically active constituents from the fruiting body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus.
Bioorg. Med. Chem. doi:10.1016/j.bmc.2010.10.032.
84. Wu, S.J., Leu, Y.L., Chen, C.H., Chao, C.H., Shen, D.Y., Chan, H.H., Lee, E.J., Wu,
T.S., Wang, Y.H., Shen, Y.C., Qian, K., Bastow, K.F., and Lee, K.H. (2010).
Camphoratins A-J, potent cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from the fruiting
body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus. J. Nat. Prod.DOI: 10.1021/np1002143.
85. Huang, K.F., Huang, W.M., and Chiang, H.C. (2001). Phenyl compounds from Antrodia
cinnamomea. Chin. Pharmaceu. J. 53, 327–331.
86. Wu, M.D., Cheng, M.J., Wang, B.C., Wang, W.Y., Lai, J.T., and Yuan, G.F. (2007).
Chemical constituents from the mycelia of Antrodia camphorata. J. Chilean Chem. Soc.
52, 1338–1340.
87. Chen, C.C., Chyau, C.C., and Hseu, T.H. (2007). Production of a COX-2 inhibitor, 2,4,5-
trimethoxybenzaldehyde, with submerged cultured Antrodia camphorata. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 44, 387–392.
88. Yang, S.S., Wang, G.J., Wang, S.Y., Lin, Y.Y., Kuo, Y.H., and Lee, T.H. (2009). New
constituents with iNOS inhibitory activity from mycelium of Antrodia camphorata.
Planta Med. 75, 512–516.
89. Shen, C.C., Kuo, Y.C., Huang, R.L., Lin, L.C., Don, M.J., Chang, T.T., and Chou, C.J.
(2003). New ergostane and lanostane from Antrodia camphorata. J. Chin. Med. 142, 47–
258.
90. Lee, T.H., Lee, C.K., Tsou, W.L., Liu, S.Y., Kuo, M.T., and Wen, W.C. (2007). A new
cytotoxic agent from solid-state fermented mycelium of Antrodia camphorata. Planta
Med. 73, 1412–1425.
91. Liu, S.Y., Wen, W.C., and Kuo, M.T. (2008). New compounds isolated from extract of
Antrodia camphorata. US20080119565.
92. Chien, S.C., Chen, M.L., Kuo, H.T., Tsai, Y.C., Lin, B.F., and Kuo, Y.H. (2008). Antiinflammatory
activities of new succinic and maleic derivatives from the fruiting body of
Antrodia camphorata. J. Agric. Food Chem. 56, 7017–7022.
93. Nakamura, N., Hirakawa, A., Gao, J.J., Kakuda, H., Shiro, M., Komatsu, Y., Sheu, C.C.,
and Hattori, M. (2004). Five new maleic and succinic acid derivatives from the mycelium
of Antrodia camphorata and their cytotoxic effects on LLC tumor cell line. J. Nat. Prod.
67, 46–48.
94. Hattori, M., and Sheu, C.C. (2006). Compounds from Antrodia camphorata having antiinflammatory
and anti-tumor activity. US 7109232-2006-9-19:2006.
95. Phuong, D.T., Ma, C.M., Hattori, M., and Jin, J.S. (2009). Inhibitory effects of antrodins
A-E from Antrodia cinnamomea and their metabolites on hepatitis C virus protease.
Phytother. Res. 23, 582–584.
96. Liu, Y., Di, X., Liu, X., Shen, W., and Leung, K.S. (2010). Development of a LCMS/
MS method for the determination of antrodin B and antrodin C from Antrodia
camphorata extract in rat plasma for pharmacokinetic study. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 53,
781–784.
97. Wu, M.D., Cheng, M.J., Wang, B.C., Yech, Y.J., Lai, J.T., Kuo, Y.H., Yuan, G.F., and
Chen, I.S. (2008). Maleimide and maleic anhydride derivatives from the mycelia of
Antrodia cinnamomea and their nitric oxide inhibitory activities in macrophages. J. Nat.
Prod. 71, 1258–1261.
98. Chen, C.C., Shiao, Y.J., Lin, R.D., Shao, Y.Y., Lai, M.N., Lin, C.C., Ng, L.T., and Kuo,
Y.H. (2006). Neuroprotective diterpenes from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata.
J. Nat. Prod. 69, 689–691.
99. Cherng, I.H., Chiang, H.C., Cheng, M.C., and Wang, Y. (1995). Three new triterpenoids
from Antrodia cinnamomea. J. Nat. Prod. 58, 365–371.
100. Chen, C.H., Yang, S.W., and Shen, Y.C. (1995). New steroid acids from Antrodia
cinnamomea, a fungal parasite of Cinnamomum micranthum. J. Nat. Prod. 58, 1655–
1661.
101. Cherng, I.H., Wu, D.P., and Chiang, H.C. (1996). Triterpenoids from Antrodia
cinnamomea. Phytochem. 41, 263–267.
102. Shen, Y.C., Yang, S.W., Lin, C.S., Chen, C.H., Kuo, Y.H., and Chen, C.F. (1997).
Zhankuic acid F: new metabolite from formosan fungus Antrodia cinnamomea. Planta
Med. 63, 86–88.
103. Yang, S.W., Shen, Y.C., and Chen, C.H. (1996). Steroids and triterpenoids of Antodia
cinnamomea-A fungus parasitic on Cinnamomum micranthum. Phytochem. 41, 1389–
1392.
104. Yu, Y.L., Chen, I.H., Shen, K.Y., Huang, R.Y., Wang, W.R., Chou, C.J., Chang, T.T.,
and Chu, C.L. (2009). A triterpenoid methyl antcinate K isolated from Antrodia
cinnamomea promotes dendritic cell activation and Th2 differentiation. Eur. J. Immunol.
39, 2482–2491.
105. Lu, M.K., Cheng, J.J., Lai, W.L., Lin, Y.R., and Huang, N.K. (2006). Adenosine as an
active component of Antrodia cinnamomea that prevents rat PC-12 cells from serum
deprivation-induced apoptosis through the activation of adenosine A2A receptors. Life Sci.
79, 252–258.
106. Chen, C.J., Vijaya Krishna, R., Tsai, C.C., Wu, W.H., Chao, L.K., Hwang, K.H., Chien,
C.M., Chang, H.Y., and Chen, S.T. (2010). Structure and functions of γ-dodecalactone
isolated from Antrodia camphorata for NK cell activation. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18,
6896–6904.
107. Lien, H.M., Lin, H.W., Wang, Y.J., Chen, L.C., Yang, D.Y., Lai, Y.Y., and Ho, Y.S.
(2009). Inhibition of anchorage-independent proliferation and G0/G1 cell-cycle
regulation in human colorectal carcinoma cells by 4,7-dimethoxy-5-methyl-l,3-
benzodioxole isolated from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata. Evid. Based
Complement. Alternat. Med. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep020.
108. Hsieh, Y.H., Chu, F.H., Wang, Y.S., Chien, S.C., Chang, S.T., Shaw, J.F., Chen, C.Y.,
Hsiao, W.W., Kuo, Y.H., and Wang, S.Y. (2010). Antrocamphin A, an anti-inflammatory
principal from the fruiting body of Taiwanofungus camphoratus, and its mechanisms. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 58, 3153–3158.
109. Chiang, P.C., Lin, S.C., Pan, S.L., Kuo, C.H., Tsai, I.L., Kuo, M.T., Wen, W.C., Chen,
P., and Guh, J.H. (2010). Antroquinonol displays anticancer potential against human
hepatocellular carcinoma cells: a crucial role of AMPK and mTOR pathways. Biochem.
Pharmacol. 79, 162–171.
110. Shen, C.C., Yang, H.C., Huang, R.L., Chen, J.C., and Chen, C.C. (2005). Anti-HBV
principle from the culture broth of Antrodia camphorata (strain # CCRC-35396). J. Chin.
Med. 16, 57–61.
111. Shen, Y.C., Wang, Y.H., Chou, Y.C., Chen, C.F., Lin, L.C., Chang, T.T., Tien, J.H., and
Chou, C.J. (2004). Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity of zhankuic acids isolated
from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata. Planta Med. 70, 310–314.
112. Shen, Y.C., Chen, C.F., Wang, Y.H., Chang, T.T., and Chou, C.J. (2003). Evaluation of
the immuno-modulating activity of some active principles isolated from the fruiting
bodies of Antrodia camphorata. Chin. Pharmaceu. J. 55, 313–318.
113. Chen, Y.J., Chou, C.J., and Chang, T.T. (2009). Compound MMH01 possesses toxicity
against human leukemia and pancreatic cancer cells. Toxicol. In Vitro 23, 418–424.
114. Deng, J.Y., Chen, S.J., Jow, G.M., Hsueh, C.W., and Jeng, C.J. (2009). Dehydroeburicoic
acid induces calcium- and calpain-dependent necrosis in human U87MG glioblastomas.
Chem. Res. Toxicol. 22, 1817–1826.
115. Lee, I.H., Huang, R.L., Chen, C.T., Chen, H.C., Hsu, W.C., and Lu, M.K. (2002).
Antrodia camphorata polysaccharides exhibit anti-hepatitis B virus effects. FEMS
Microbiol. Lett. 209, 63–67.
116. Schepetkin, I.A., and Quinn, M.T. (2006). Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage
immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int. Immunopharmacol. 6, 317–333.
117. Liu, J.J., Huang, T.S., Hsu, M.L., Chen, C.C., Lin, W.S., Lu, F.J., and Chang, W.H.
(2004). Antitumor effects of the partially purified polysaccharides from Antrodia
camphorata and the mechanism of its action. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 201, 186–193.
118. Cheng, J.J., Huang, N.K., Chang, T.T., Wang, D.L., and Lu, M.K. (2005). Study for antiangiogenic
activities of polysaccharides isolated from Antrodia cinnamomea in
endothelial cells. Life Sci. 76, 3029–3042.
119. Han, H.F., Nakamura, N., Zuo, F., Hirakawa, A., Yokozawa, T., and Hattori, M. (2006).
Protective effects of a neutral polysaccharide isolated from the mycelium of Antrodia
cinnamomea on Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induced hepatic injury
in mice. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 54, 496–500.
120. Chen, C.C., Liu, Y.W., Ker, Y.B., Wu, Y.Y., Lai, E.Y., Chyau, C.C., Hseu, T.H., and
Peng, R.Y. (2007). Chemical characterization and anti-inflammatory effect of
polysaccharides fractionated from submerge-cultured Antrodia camphorata mycelia. J.
Agric. Food Chem. 55, 5007–5012.
121. Wu, Y.Y., Chen, C.C., Chyau, C.C., Chung, S.Y., and Liu, Y.W. (2007). Modulation of
inflammation-related genes of polysaccharides fractionated from mycelia of medicinal
basidiomycete Antrodia camphorata. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 28, 258–267.
122. Chen, Y.J., Cheng, P.C., Lin, C.N., Liao, H.F., Chen, Y.Y., Chen, C.C., and Lee, K.M.
(2008). Polysaccharides from Antrodia camphorata mycelia extracts possess
immunomodulatory activity and inhibits infection of Schistosoma mansoni. Int.
Immunopharmacol. 8, 458–467.
123. Cheng, P.C., Hsu, C.Y., Chen, C.C., and Lee, K.M. (2008). In vivo immunomodulatory
effects of Antrodia camphorata polysaccharides in a T1/T2 doubly transgenic mouse
model for inhibiting infection of Schistosoma mansoni. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 227,
291–298.
124. Tsai, M.C., Song, T.Y., Shih, P.H., and Yen, G.C. (2007). Antioxidant properties of
water soluble polysaccharides from Antrodia cinnamomea in submerged culture. Food
Chem. 104, 1115–1122.
125. Cheng, J.J., Huang, N.K., Lur, H.S., Kuo, C.I., and Lu, M.K. (2009). Characterization
and biological functions of sulfated polysaccharides from sulfated-salt treatment of
Antrodia cinnamomea. Process Biochem. 44, 453–459.
126. Atta-ur-Rahman, Zareen, S., Choudhary, M.I., Akhtar, M.N., and Khan, S.N. (2008). α-
Glucosidase inhibitory activity of triterpenoids from Cichorium intybus. J. Nat. Prod. 71,
910–913.
127. Rao, Y.K., Rao, C.V., Kishore, P.H., and Sekar, D.G. (2001). Total synthesis of
heliannone A and (R, S)-heliannone B, two bioactive flavonoids from Helianthus annuus
cultivars. J. Nat. Prod. 64, 368–369.
128. Shirane, N., Takenaka, H., Ueda, K., Hashimoto, Y., Katoh, K., and Ishii, H. (1996).
Sterol analysis of DMI-resistant and sensitive strains of Venturia inaequalis. Phytochem.
41, 1301-1308.
129. Hasan, C.M., Shahnaz, S., Muhammad, I., Gray, A.I., and Waterman, P.G. (1987).
Chemistry in the Annonaceae, XXIII. 24-Methylene-lanosta-7, 9(11)-dien-3β-ol from
Artabotrys odorotissimus stem bark. J. Nat. Prod., 50, 762–763.
130. Kikuchi, T., Kanomi, S., Tsubono, K., and Ogita, Z. (1986). Constituents of the fungus
Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. II.: Structures of ganoderic Acids F, G, and H,
lucidenic Acids D2 and E2, and related compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 34, 4018–4029.
131. Snyder, L.R., Kirkland, J.J., and Dolan, J. (2009). Introduction to Modern Liquid
Chromatography, 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.
132. Wolfender, J.L. (2009). HPLC in natural product analysis: the detection issue. Planta
Med. 75, 719–734.
133. Novakova, L., and Vlckova, H. (2009). A review of current trends and advances in
modern bio-analytical methods: chromatography and sample preparation. Anal. Chim.
Acta. 656, 8–35.
134. McCalley DV. (2010). The challenges of the analysis of basic compounds by high
performance liquid chromatography: some possible approaches for improved separations.
J. Chromatogr. A. 1217, 858-880.
135. Yang, N.Y., Duan, J.A., Shang, E.X., and Tian, L.J. (2010). Analysis of sesquiterpene
lactones in Eupatorium lindleyanum by HPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS. Phytochem. Anal. 21,
144–149.
136. Yu, R., Ye, B., Yan, C., Song, L., Zhang, Z., Yang, W., and Zhao, Y. (2007). Fingerprint
analysis of fruiting bodies of cultured Cordyceps militaris by high-performance liquid
chromatography-photodiode array detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44, 818–823.
137. Gong, F., Liang, Y.Z., Xie, P.S., and Chau, F.T. (2003). Information theory applied to
chromatographic fingerprint of herbal medicine for quality control. J. Chromatogr. A.
1002, 25–40.
138. Connolly, J. D., and Hill, R.A. (2010). Triterpenoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27, 79–132.
139. Fraga, B.M. (2010). Natural sesquiterpenoids. Nat. Prod. Rep. 27, 1681–1708.
140. Yang, H., and Dou, Q.P. (2010). Targeting apoptosis pathway with natural terpenoids:
implications for treatment of breast and prostate cancer. Curr. Drug. Targets 11, 733–
744.
141. Ganzera M. (2009). Recent advancements and applications in the analysis of traditional
Chinese medicines. Planta Med. 75, 776–783.
142. Chang, C.Y., Lue, M.Y., and Pan, T.M. (2005). Determination of Adenosine, Cordycepin
and Ergosterol Contents in Cultivated Antrodia camphorata by HPLC Method. J. Food
Drug Anal. 13, 338–342.
143. Han, H.F., Hirakawa, A., Zuo, F., and Nakamura, N. (2006). Quantitative determination
of maleic and succinic acid derivatives in the mycelium of Antrodia cinnamomea. J.
Trad. Med. 23, 19–23.
144. Zhao, S.S., and Leung, K.S. (2010). Quality evaluation of mycelial Antrodia camphorata
using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with diode array
detector and mass spectrometry (DAD-MS). Chin. Med. 5, 4.
145. Xing, J., Xie, C., and Lou, H. (2007). Recent applications of liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry in natural products bioanalysis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 44, 368–378.
146. Wang, K.T., Chen, L.G., Yang, L.L., Ke, W.M., Chang, H.C., and Wang, C.C. (2007).
Analysis of the sesquiterpenoids in processed Atractylodis rhizoma. Chem. Pharm. Bull.
55, 50–56.
147. Male, K.B., Rao, Y.K., Tzeng, Y.M., Montes, J., Kamen, A., and Luong, J.H.T. (2008).
Probing inhibitory effects of Antrodia camphorata isolates using insect cell-based
impedance spectroscopy: toxicity vs chemical structure. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 21, 2127–
2133.
148. Yeh, C.T., Rao, Y.K., Yeh, C.F., Li, C.H., Chuang, S.E., Lai, G.M., and Tzeng, Y.M.
(2009). Tumor-specific cytotoxic triterpenes from Antrodia camphorata and their mode
of action in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 285, 73–79.
149. Geethangili, M., Fang, S.H., Lai, C.H., Rao, Y.K., Lien, H.M., and Tzeng, Y.M. (2010).
Inhibitory effect of Antrodia camphorata constituents on the Helicobacter pyloriassociated
gastric inflammation. Food Chem. 119, 149–153.
150. Hsieh, Y.C., Rao, Y.K., Wu, C.C., Huang, C.Y., Geethangili, M., Hsu, S.L., and Tzeng,
Y.M. (2010). Methyl antcinate A from Antrodia camphorata induces apoptosis in human
liver cancer cells through oxidant-mediated cofilin- and Bax-triggered mitochondrial
pathway. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 23, 1256–1267.
151. Tsai, W.C., Rao, Y.K., Lin, S.S., Chou, M.Y., Shen, Y.T., Wu, C.H., Geethangili, M.,
Yang, C.C., and Tzeng, Y.M. (2010). Methylantcinate A induces tumor specific growth
inhibition in oral cancer cells via Bax-mediated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Bioorg.
Med. Chem. Lett. 20, 6145–6148.
152. Rao, Y.K., Wu, A.T.H., Geethangili, M., Huang, M.T., Chao, W.J., Wu, C.H., Deng,
W.P., Yeh, C.T., and Tzeng, Y.M. (2010). Identification of antrocin from Antrodia
camphorata as a selective and novel class of small molecule inhibitor of Akt/mTOR
signaling in metastatic breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. DOI:
10.1021/tx100318m (published online on December 15, 2010).
153. Majid, M., Male, K.B., Tzeng, Y.M., Omamogho, J.O., Glennon, J.D., and Luong, J.H.T.
(2009). Cyclodextrin modified capillary electrophoresis for achiral and chiral separation
of ergostane and lanostane compounds extracted from the fruiting body of Antrodia
camphorata. Electrophoresis 30, 1967–1975.