[1]A. Peters, "A fourth type of neuroglial cell in the adult central nervous system," J Neurocytol, vol. 33, pp. 345-57, May 2004.
[2]A. Volterra and C. Steinhauser, "Glial modulation of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus," Glia, vol. 47, pp. 249-57, Aug 15 2004.
[3]Y. H. Huang and D. E. Bergles, "Glutamate transporters bring competition to the synapse," Curr Opin Neurobiol, vol. 14, pp. 346-52, Jun 2004.
[4]L. S. Overstreet, "Quantal transmission: not just for neurons," Trends Neurosci, vol. 28, pp. 59-62, Feb 2005.
[5]F. W. Pfrieger, "Role of glia in synapse development," Curr Opin Neurobiol, vol. 12, pp. 486-90, Oct 2002.
[6]A. Bignami, T. Raju, and D. Dahl, "Localization of vimentin, the nonspecific intermediate filament protein, in embryonal glia and in early differentiating neurons. In vivo and in vitro immunofluorescence study of the rat embryo with vimentin and neurofilament antisera," Dev Biol, vol. 91, pp. 286-95, Jun 1982.
[7]Z. S. al-Lebban, J. M. Henry, J. B. Jones, M. A. Eglitis, W. F. Anderson, and C. D. Lothrop, Jr., "Increased efficiency of gene transfer with retroviral vectors in neonatal hematopoietic progenitor cells," Exp Hematol, vol. 18, pp. 180-4, Mar 1990.
[8]C. Eliasson, C. Sahlgren, C. H. Berthold, J. Stakeberg, J. E. Celis, C. Betsholtz, J. E. Eriksson, and M. Pekny, "Intermediate filament protein partnership in astrocytes," J Biol Chem, vol. 274, pp. 23996-4006, Aug 20 1999.
[9]P. Bovolenta, R. K. Liem, and C. A. Mason, "Development of cerebellar astroglia: transitions in form and cytoskeletal content," Dev Biol, vol. 102, pp. 248-59, Mar 1984.
[10]S. K. Pixley and J. de Vellis, "Transition between immature radial glia and mature astrocytes studied with a monoclonal antibody to vimentin," Brain Res, vol. 317, pp. 201-9, Aug 1984.
[11]M. Loeb, A. E. Simor, L. Mandell, P. Krueger, M. McArthur, M. James, S. Walter, E. Richardson, M. Lingley, J. Stout, D. Stronach, and A. McGeer, "Two nursing home outbreaks of respiratory infection with Legionella sainthelensi," J Am Geriatr Soc, vol. 47, pp. 547-52, May 1999.
[12]L. Mucke and M. Eddleston, "Astrocytes in infectious and immune-mediated diseases of the central nervous system," Faseb J, vol. 7, pp. 1226-32, Oct 1993.
[13]M. Eddleston and L. Mucke, "Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes--implications for their role in neurologic disease," Neuroscience, vol. 54, pp. 15-36, May 1993.
[14]G. W. Kreutzberg, "Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS," Trends Neurosci, vol. 19, pp. 312-8, Aug 1996.
[15]F. Aloisi, "The role of microglia and astrocytes in CNS immune surveillance and immunopathology," Adv Exp Med Biol, vol. 468, pp. 123-33, 1999.
[16]G. W. Kreutzberg, "Principles of neuronal regeneration," Acta Neurochir Suppl, vol. 66, pp. 103-6, 1996.
[17]K. M. Boje and P. K. Arora, "Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death," Brain Res, vol. 587, pp. 250-6, Aug 7 1992.
[18]Y. Sei, L. Vitkovic, and M. M. Yokoyama, "Cytokines in the central nervous system: regulatory roles in neuronal function, cell death and repair," Neuroimmunomodulation, vol. 2, pp. 121-33, May-Jun 1995.
[19]V. Zujovic, J. Benavides, X. Vige, C. Carter, and V. Taupin, "Fractalkine modulates TNF-alpha secretion and neurotoxicity induced by microglial activation," Glia, vol. 29, pp. 305-15, Feb 15 2000.
[20]A. M. Brown, R. E. Westenbroek, W. A. Catterall, and B. R. Ransom, "Axonal L-type Ca2+ channels and anoxic injury in rat CNS white matter," J Neurophysiol, vol. 85, pp. 900-11, Feb 2001.
[21]Z. Kronfol and D. G. Remick, "Cytokines and the brain: implications for clinical psychiatry," Am J Psychiatry, vol. 157, pp. 683-94, May 2000.
[22]T. Matsuda, K. Takuma, E. Lee, Y. Kimura, T. Fujita, and A. Baba, "[Apoptosis of astroglial cells]," Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, vol. 112 Suppl 1, pp. 24P-27P, Oct 1998.
[23]C. F. Nathan, "Secretory products of macrophages," J Clin Invest, vol. 79, pp. 319-26, Feb 1987.
[24]林心婷, "於大腦受到細菌感染之動物(大鼠)模式測量腦脊髓液中之促發炎細胞素並追溯它們之來源細胞," 中央研究院高中生命科學資優生培育計劃論文, 2006.
[25]F. Berkenbosch, J. van Oers, A. del Rey, F. Tilders, and H. Besedovsky, "Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1," Science, vol. 238, pp. 524-6, Oct 23 1987.
[26]H. Besedovsky, A. del Rey, E. Sorkin, and C. A. Dinarello, "Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones," Science, vol. 233, pp. 652-4, Aug 8 1986.
[27]D. Gosselin and S. Rivest, "Role of IL-1 and TNF in the brain: twenty years of progress on a Dr. Jekyll/Mr. Hyde duality of the innate immune system," Brain Behav Immun, vol. 21, pp. 281-9, Mar 2007.
[28]N. Rothwell, "Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury: mechanisms, modification, and therapeutic potential," Brain Behav Immun, vol. 17, pp. 152-7, Jun 2003.
[29]W. S. Griffin, L. C. Stanley, C. Ling, L. White, V. MacLeod, L. J. Perrot, C. L. White, 3rd, and C. Araoz, "Brain interleukin 1 and S-100 immunoreactivity are elevated in Down syndrome and Alzheimer disease," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 86, pp. 7611-5, Oct 1989.
[30]A. J. Dunn, "Cytokine activation of the HPA axis," Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol. 917, pp. 608-17, 2000.
[31]C. Dube, A. Vezzani, M. Behrens, T. Bartfai, and T. Z. Baram, "Interleukin-1beta contributes to the generation of experimental febrile seizures," Ann Neurol, vol. 57, pp. 152-5, Jan 2005.
[32]J. G. Sheng, F. A. Boop, R. E. Mrak, and W. S. Griffin, "Increased neuronal beta-amyloid precursor protein expression in human temporal lobe epilepsy: association with interleukin-1 alpha immunoreactivity," J Neurochem, vol. 63, pp. 1872-9, Nov 1994.
[33]W. S. Griffin, J. G. Sheng, S. M. Gentleman, D. I. Graham, R. E. Mrak, and G. W. Roberts, "Microglial interleukin-1 alpha expression in human head injury: correlations with neuronal and neuritic beta-amyloid precursor protein expression," Neurosci Lett, vol. 176, pp. 133-6, Aug 1 1994.
[34]S. M. Allan, P. J. Tyrrell, and N. J. Rothwell, "Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury," Nat Rev Immunol, vol. 5, pp. 629-40, Aug 2005.
[35]H. C. Patel, H. Boutin, and S. M. Allan, "Interleukin-1 in the brain: mechanisms of action in acute neurodegeneration," Ann N Y Acad Sci, vol. 992, pp. 39-47, May 2003.
[36]J. G. Sheng, W. S. Griffin, M. C. Royston, and R. E. Mrak, "Distribution of interleukin-1-immunoreactive microglia in cerebral cortical layers: implications for neuritic plaque formation in Alzheimer''s disease," Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol, vol. 24, pp. 278-83, Aug 1998.
[37]B. Van Everbroeck, E. Dewulf, P. Pals, U. Lubke, J. J. Martin, and P. Cras, "The role of cytokines, astrocytes, microglia and apoptosis in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease," Neurobiol Aging, vol. 23, pp. 59-64, Jan-Feb 2002.
[38]M. Mogi, M. Harada, H. Narabayashi, H. Inagaki, M. Minami, and T. Nagatsu, "Interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor-alpha levels are elevated in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid in juvenile parkinsonism and Parkinson''s disease," Neurosci Lett, vol. 211, pp. 13-6, Jun 14 1996.
[39]S. L. Hauser, T. H. Doolittle, R. Lincoln, R. H. Brown, and C. A. Dinarello, "Cytokine accumulations in CSF of multiple sclerosis patients: frequent detection of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor but not interleukin-6," Neurology, vol. 40, pp. 1735-9, Nov 1990.
[40]C. Eriksson, A. M. Van Dam, P. J. Lucassen, J. G. Bol, B. Winblad, and M. Schultzberg, "Immunohistochemical localization of interleukin-1beta, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme/caspase-1 in the rat brain after peripheral administration of kainic acid," Neuroscience, vol. 93, pp. 915-30, 1999.
[41]A. Basu, J. K. Krady, and S. W. Levison, "Interleukin-1: a master regulator of neuroinflammation," J Neurosci Res, vol. 78, pp. 151-6, Oct 15 2004.
[42]J. M. Vela, E. Molina-Holgado, A. Arevalo-Martin, G. Almazan, and C. Guaza, "Interleukin-1 regulates proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells," Mol Cell Neurosci, vol. 20, pp. 489-502, Jul 2002.
[43]G. A. Higgins and J. A. Olschowka, "Induction of interleukin-1 beta mRNA in adult rat brain," Brain Res Mol Brain Res, vol. 9, pp. 143-8, Jan 1991.
[44]R. M. Gibson, N. J. Rothwell, and R. A. Le Feuvre, "CNS injury: the role of the cytokine IL-1," Vet J, vol. 168, pp. 230-7, Nov 2004.
[45]M. K. O''Banion, J. C. Miller, J. W. Chang, M. D. Kaplan, and P. D. Coleman, "Interleukin-1 beta induces prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) in primary murine astrocyte cultures," J Neurochem, vol. 66, pp. 2532-40, Jun 1996.
[46]C. C. Chao, S. Hu, W. S. Sheng, D. Bu, M. I. Bukrinsky, and P. K. Peterson, "Cytokine-stimulated astrocytes damage human neurons via a nitric oxide mechanism," Glia, vol. 16, pp. 276-84, Mar 1996.
[47]R. E. Mrak and W. S. Griffin, "Glia and their cytokines in progression of neurodegeneration," Neurobiol Aging, vol. 26, pp. 349-54, Mar 2005.
[48]C. Rachal Pugh, M. Fleshner, L. R. Watkins, S. F. Maier, and J. W. Rudy, "The immune system and memory consolidation: a role for the cytokine IL-1beta," Neurosci Biobehav Rev, vol. 25, pp. 29-41, Jan 2001.
[49]H. Schneider, F. Pitossi, D. Balschun, A. Wagner, A. del Rey, and H. O. Besedovsky, "A neuromodulatory role of interleukin-1beta in the hippocampus," Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 95, pp. 7778-83, Jun 23 1998.
[50]J. J. O''Connor and A. N. Coogan, "Actions of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta on central synaptic transmission," Exp Physiol, vol. 84, pp. 601-14, Jul 1999.
[51]S. Tanaka, M. Ide, T. Shibutani, H. Ohtaki, S. Numazawa, S. Shioda, and T. Yoshida, "Lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation induces learning and memory deficits without neuronal cell death in rats," J Neurosci Res, vol. 83, pp. 557-66, Mar 2006.
[52]N. J. Van Wagoner and E. N. Benveniste, "Interleukin-6 expression and regulation in astrocytes," J Neuroimmunol, vol. 100, pp. 124-39, Dec 1999.
[53]L. G. LeMay, I. G. Otterness, A. J. Vander, and M. J. Kluger, "In vivo evidence that the rise in plasma IL 6 following injection of a fever-inducing dose of LPS is mediated by IL 1 beta," Cytokine, vol. 2, pp. 199-204, May 1990.
[54]T. Satoh, S. Nakamura, T. Taga, T. Matsuda, T. Hirano, T. Kishimoto, and Y. Kaziro, "Induction of neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells by B-cell stimulatory factor 2/interleukin 6," Mol Cell Biol, vol. 8, pp. 3546-9, Aug 1988.
[55]T. Hama, Y. Kushima, M. Miyamoto, M. Kubota, N. Takei, and H. Hatanaka, "Interleukin-6 improves the survival of mesencephalic catecholaminergic and septal cholinergic neurons from postnatal, two-week-old rats in cultures," Neuroscience, vol. 40, pp. 445-52, 1991.
[56]S. Toulmond, X. Vige, D. Fage, and J. Benavides, "Local infusion of interleukin-6 attenuates the neurotoxic effects of NMDA on rat striatal cholinergic neurons," Neurosci Lett, vol. 144, pp. 49-52, Sep 14 1992.
[57]Y. Maeda, M. Matsumoto, O. Hori, K. Kuwabara, S. Ogawa, S. D. Yan, T. Ohtsuki, T. Kinoshita, T. Kamada, and D. M. Stern, "Hypoxia/reoxygenation-mediated induction of astrocyte interleukin 6: a paracrine mechanism potentially enhancing neuron survival," J Exp Med, vol. 180, pp. 2297-308, Dec 1 1994.
[58]M. Yamada and H. Hatanaka, "Interleukin-6 protects cultured rat hippocampal neurons against glutamate-induced cell death," Brain Res, vol. 643, pp. 173-80, Apr 18 1994.
[59]S. A. Loddick, A. V. Turnbull, and N. J. Rothwell, "Cerebral interleukin-6 is neuroprotective during permanent focal cerebral ischemia in the rat," J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, vol. 18, pp. 176-9, Feb 1998.
[60]T. Kossmann, V. Hans, H. G. Imhof, O. Trentz, and M. C. Morganti-Kossmann, "Interleukin-6 released in human cerebrospinal fluid following traumatic brain injury may trigger nerve growth factor production in astrocytes," Brain Res, vol. 713, pp. 143-52, Mar 25 1996.
[61]Y. Hirota, M. Kaji, S. Ide, S. Goto, and T. Oka, "The hemagglutination inhibition antibody responses to an inactivated influenza vaccine among healthy adults: with special reference to the prevaccination antibody and its interaction with age," Vaccine, vol. 14, pp. 1597-602, Dec 1996.
[62]R. A. Gadient and U. H. Otten, "Interleukin-6 (IL-6)--a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials," Prog Neurobiol, vol. 52, pp. 379-90, Aug 1997.
[63]P. Marz, T. Herget, E. Lang, U. Otten, and S. Rose-John, "Activation of gp130 by IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor induces neuronal differentiation," Eur J Neurosci, vol. 9, pp. 2765-73, Dec 1997.
[64]E. N. Benveniste, S. M. Sparacio, J. G. Norris, H. E. Grenett, and G. M. Fuller, "Induction and regulation of interleukin-6 gene expression in rat astrocytes," J Neuroimmunol, vol. 30, pp. 201-12, Dec 1990.
[65]M. Sawada, A. Suzumura, and T. Marunouchi, "TNF alpha induces IL-6 production by astrocytes but not by microglia," Brain Res, vol. 583, pp. 296-9, Jun 26 1992.
[66]S. F. Sharif, R. J. Hariri, V. A. Chang, P. S. Barie, R. S. Wang, and J. B. Ghajar, "Human astrocyte production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 following exposure to lipopolysaccharide endotoxin," Neurol Res, vol. 15, pp. 109-12, Apr 1993.
[67]C.-C. Hsieh, "Used Rapid Phagocytosis Screening System to Evaluate Herbs in Anti-inflammation and Promote Immunity Effects," Yearbook of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, vol. 24(2), pp. 95-148, 2006.
[68]L. A. Tartaglia and D. V. Goeddel, "Two TNF receptors," Immunol Today, vol. 13, pp. 151-3, May 1992.
[69]R. M. Locksley, N. Killeen, and M. J. Lenardo, "The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology," Cell, vol. 104, pp. 487-501, Feb 23 2001.
[70]I. Figiel, "Pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha as a neuroprotective agent in the brain," Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars), vol. 68, pp. 526-34, 2008.
[71]N. J. Rothwell and J. K. Relton, "Involvement of cytokines in acute neurodegeneration in the CNS," Neurosci Biobehav Rev, vol. 17, pp. 217-27, Summer 1993.
[72]Y. Yamasaki, T. Suzuki, H. Yamaya, N. Matsuura, H. Onodera, and K. Kogure, "Possible involvement of interleukin-1 in ischemic brain edema formation," Neurosci Lett, vol. 142, pp. 45-7, Aug 3 1992.
[73]K. Sriram and J. P. O''Callaghan, "Divergent roles for tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the brain," J Neuroimmune Pharmacol, vol. 2, pp. 140-53, Jun 2007.
[74]G. Feuerstein, X. Wang, and F. C. Barone, "Cytokines in brain ischemia--the role of TNF alpha," Cell Mol Neurobiol, vol. 18, pp. 695-701, Dec 1998.
[75]G. I. Botchkina, M. E. Meistrell, 3rd, I. L. Botchkina, and K. J. Tracey, "Expression of TNF and TNF receptors (p55 and p75) in the rat brain after focal cerebral ischemia," Mol Med, vol. 3, pp. 765-81, Nov 1997.
[76]H. Nawashiro, D. Martin, and J. M. Hallenbeck, "Neuroprotective effects of TNF binding protein in focal cerebral ischemia," Brain Res, vol. 778, pp. 265-71, Dec 19 1997.
[77]M. Tamatani, Y. H. Che, H. Matsuzaki, S. Ogawa, H. Okado, S. Miyake, T. Mizuno, and M. Tohyama, "Tumor necrosis factor induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x expression through NFkappaB activation in primary hippocampal neurons," J Biol Chem, vol. 274, pp. 8531-8, Mar 26 1999.
[78]王振瀾、尹華文, "栽培地區及生長季節對土肉桂精油含量成分之影響," 林業試驗所研究報告季刊, vol. 6,313-328, 1991.[79]呂俠卿, "中藥鑑別大全," 中華人民共和國湖南科學技術出版社, 2002.
[80]S. T. Chang, P. F. Chen, and S. C. Chang, "Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 77, pp. 123-7, Sep 2001.
[81]S. T. Chang and S. S. Cheng, "Antitermitic activity of leaf essential oils and components from Cinnamomum osmophleum," J Agric Food Chem, vol. 50, pp. 1389-92, Mar 13 2002.
[82]C. C. Lin, S. J. Wu, C. H. Chang, and L. T. Ng, "Antioxidant activity of Cinnamomum cassia," Phytother Res, vol. 17, pp. 726-30, Aug 2003.
[83]莊文宜, "土肉桂之成分分析," 屏東科技大學農園系碩士學位論文, 2004.[84]王振瀾, "土肉桂造林木之精油收率及成分分析。," 林業試驗所研究報告季刊, vol. 2: 129-144, 1987.[85]L. A. Shelf, "Antimicrobial effects of apices.," J Food Safety, vol. 6:29-44, 1983.
[86]K. Kakinuma, J. Koike, K. Kotani, N. Ikekawa, T. Kada, and M. Nomoto, "Cinnamaldehyde: identification of an antimutagen from a crude drug, Cinnamomi cortex.," Agric. Biol Chem, vol. 48:1905-1906, 1984.
[87]Y. M. Tzeng, K. Chen, Y. K. Rao, and M. J. Lee, "Kaempferitrin activates the insulin signaling pathway and stimulates secretion of adiponectin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes," Eur J Pharmacol, vol. 607, pp. 27-34, Apr 1 2009.
[88]C. N. Vishnu Prasad, S. Suma Mohan, A. Banerji, and A. Gopalakrishnapillai, "Kaempferitrin inhibits GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes," Biochem Biophys Res Commun, vol. 380, pp. 39-43, Feb 27 2009.
[89]T. Yokozawa, E. Dong, Y. Kawai, M. Gemba, and M. Shimizu, "Protective effects of some flavonoids on the renal cellular membrane," Exp Toxicol Pathol, vol. 51, pp. 9-14, Jan 1999.
[90]S. H. Fang, Y. K. Rao, and Y. M. Tzeng, "Inhibitory effects of flavonol glycosides from Cinnamomum osmophloeum on inflammatory mediators in LPS/IFN-gamma-activated murine macrophages," Bioorg Med Chem, vol. 13, pp. 2381-8, Apr 1 2005.
[91]李幸祥, "台灣藥草事典 (四),旺文社股份有限公司,臺北," vol. 第10-11 頁, 2001.
[92]A. G. J. Coe F. G., "Ethnobotany of the Garifuna of Eastern Nicaragua," Economic Botany, vol. Vol. 50, pp.71-107, 1996.
[93]Satyan K. S., Prakash A., Singh R. P., and Srivastava R. S., "Phthalic acid bis-ester and other phytoconstituents of Phyllanthus urinaria," Planta Medica, vol. Vol.61, pp. 293-294, 1995.
[94]H. P. J. Hutt M. J., "A survey from the literature of plants used to treat scorpion stings," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. Vol. 60, pp. 97-110, 1998.
[95]Pereira N. A., Ruppelt Pereira B. M., do Nascimento M. C., and M. W. B. Parente J. P., "Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk medicine as snake venom antidotes; IV. Protection against Jararaca venom by isolated constituents," Planta Medica, vol. Vol. 60, pp. 99-100 1994.
[96]Huang S. T., Yang R. C., Chen M. Y., and Pang J. H. S., "Phyllanthus urinaria induces the Fas receptor/ligand expression and ceramide-mediated apoptosis in HL-60 cells," Life Sciences, vol. Vol. 75, pp. 339-351, 2004.
[97]Huang S. T., Yang R. C., Yang L. J., Lee P. N., and Pang J. H. S., "Phyllanthus urinaria triggers the apoptosis and Bcl-2 down-regulation in Lewis lung carcinoma cells," Life Sciences, vol. Vol. 72, pp. 1705-1716, 2003.
[98]Jeena K. J., Joy K. L., and Kuttan R., "Effect of Emblica officinalis, Phyllanthus amarus and Picrorrhiza Kurroa on N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatocarcinogenesis," Cancer Letter, vol. Vol. 136 No. 1, pp.11-16, 1999.
[99]Rajeshkumar N. V. and Kuttan R., "Phyllanthus amarus extract administration increases the life span of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma," Journal of Ethnopharmacology, vol. Vol. 73, No. 1-2, pp. 215-219, 2000.
[100]Pettit G. R., Schaufelberger D. E., Nieman R. A., Dufresne C., and Saenz-Renauld J.A., "Antineoplastic agents, 177. Isolation and structure of phyllanthostatin
6," Journal of Nature Product, vol. Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1406-1413, 1990.
[101]M. D. J. Powis G., "High-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the antitumor glycoside phllanthoside and its stability in plasma of several
species," Journal of Chromatography, vol. Vol. 342, No. 1, pp. 129-134, 1985.
[102]C. H. Y. Yang C. M., Lin T. C., Chiang L. C., Lin C. C., , "Acetone, ethanol and methanol extracts of Phyllanthus urinaria inhibit HSV-2 infection in vitro," Antiviral Research, vol. Vol. 67, pp. 24-30, 2005.
[103]Higashino H., Suzuki A., Tanaka Y., and Pootakham K., "Hypoglycemic effects of Siamese Momordica charantia and Phyllanthus urinaria extracts in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats," Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi, vol. Vol.100,No. 5, pp. 415–421, 1992.
[104]S. K. W. Linda C., Angkana H., Suphan C., Somchit N., Supatra S.,, "Antioxidative and Cardioprotective Effects of Phyllanthus urinaria L. on
Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity," Biol. Pharm. Bull., vol. Vol. 28, No. 7,pp. 1165-1171
2005.
[105]鍾怡萱, "以體外模型檢驗天然物緩解糖尿病腎病之效用," 朝陽科技大學生物技術研究所碩士論文, 2006.[106]張嘉銓, "第一部分:葉下珠根部化學成分之研究;第二部分:衍自葉下珠抗病毒木脂素之研究;第三部分:以高效液相層析-固相萃取-核磁共振儀分析麻德拉斯葉下珠之化學成分," 臺灣大學藥學研究所博士論文, 2004.[107]楊蒨旻, "葉下珠分化層及純化合物抗單純疱疹病毒活性及作用機轉探討," 高雄醫學大學藥學研究所博士論文, 2007.[108]S. H. Fang, Y. K. Rao, and Y. M. Tzeng, "Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator''s growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 116, pp. 333-40, Mar 5 2008.
[109]C. H. Lai, S. H. Fang, Y. K. Rao, M. Geethangili, C. H. Tang, Y. J. Lin, C. H. Hung, W. C. Wang, and Y. M. Tzeng, "Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori-induced inflammation in human gastric epithelial AGS cells by Phyllanthus urinaria extracts," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 118, pp. 522-6, Aug 13 2008.
[110]T. Iizuka, M. Nagai, A. Taniguchi, H. Moriyama, and K. Hoshi, "Inhibitory effects of methyl brevifolincarboxylate isolated from Phyllanthus niruri L. on platelet aggregation," Biol Pharm Bull, vol. 30, pp. 382-4, Feb 2007.
[111]T. Iizuka, H. Moriyama, and M. Nagai, "Vasorelaxant effects of methyl brevifolincarboxylate from the leaves of Phyllanthus niruri," Biol Pharm Bull, vol. 29, pp. 177-9, Jan 2006.
[112]Y. Zhong, C. Zuo, F. Li, X. Ding, Q. Yao, K. Wu, Q. Zhang, Z. Wang, L. W. Zhou, J. Lan, and X. Wang, "[Chemical constituents of Phyllanthus urinaria L. and its antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus]," Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi, vol. 23, pp. 363-4, 384, Jun 1998.
[113]臺灣藥用植物資源名錄行政院衛生署中醫藥委員會編, "穿心蓮," vol. 418頁, 10月 2003.
[114]N. Y. Chui and K.H. Chang, "The Illustrated Medicinal Plants of Tawan," Southern Material Center Publishing Inc, vol. Vol. 3,, p. pp.210~211, 1998.
[115]J. Liu, Z. T. Wang, and L. L. Ji, "In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of neoandrographolide," Am J Chin Med, vol. 35, pp. 317-28, 2007.
[116]J. Liu, Z. T. Wang, L. L. Ji, and B. X. Ge, "Inhibitory effects of neoandrographolide on nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 production in LPS-stimulated murine macrophage," Mol Cell Biochem, vol. 298, pp. 49-57, Apr 2007.
[117]J. Batkhuu, K. Hattori, F. Takano, S. Fushiya, K. Oshiman, and Y. Fujimiya, "Suppression of NO production in activated macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by neoandrographolide isolated from Andrographis paniculata," Biol Pharm Bull, vol. 25, pp. 1169-74, Sep 2002.
[118]C. Y. Zhang and B. K. Tan, "Effects of 14-deoxyandrographolide and 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide on nitric oxide production in cultured human endothelial cells," Phytother Res, vol. 13, pp. 157-9, Mar 1999.
[119]C. Y. Zhang and B. K. Tan, "Vasorelaxation of rat thoracic aorta caused by 14-deoxyandrographolide," Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, vol. 25, pp. 424-9, Jun 1998.
[120]J. H. K. Chu, "chuan xin lian," Complementary and Alternative Healing University, vol. http://alternativehealing.org, 2004.
[121]M. I. Iruretagoyena, J. A. Tobar, P. A. Gonzalez, S. E. Sepulveda, C. A. Figueroa, R. A. Burgos, J. L. Hancke, and A. M. Kalergis, "Andrographolide interferes with T cell activation and reduces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the mouse," J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol. 312, pp. 366-72, Jan 2005.
[122]W. F. Chiou, C. F. Chen, and J. J. Lin, "Mechanisms of suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells by andrographolide," Br J Pharmacol, vol. 129, pp. 1553-60, Apr 2000.
[123]S. Fushiya, Y. Kishi, K. Hattori, J. Batkhuu, F. Takano, A. N. Singab, and T. Okuyama, "Flavonoids from Cleome droserifolia suppress NO production in activated macrophages in vitro," Planta Med, vol. 65, pp. 404-7, Jun 1999.
[124]M. A. Hidalgo, A. Romero, J. Figueroa, P. Cortes, Concha, II, J. L. Hancke, and R. A. Burgos, "Andrographolide interferes with binding of nuclear factor-kappaB to DNA in HL-60-derived neutrophilic cells," Br J Pharmacol, vol. 144, pp. 680-6, Mar 2005.
[125]G. Walker, J. Pfeilschifter, and D. Kunz, "Mechanisms of suppression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in interferon (IFN)-gamma-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by dexamethasone. Evidence for glucocorticoid-induced degradation of iNOS protein by calpain as a key step in post-transcriptional regulation," J Biol Chem, vol. 272, pp. 16679-87, Jun 27 1997.
[126]Y. J. Wang, J. T. Wang, Q. X. Fan, and J. G. Geng, "Andrographolide inhibits NF-kappaBeta activation and attenuates neointimal hyperplasia in arterial restenosis," Cell Res, vol. 17, pp. 933-41, Nov 2007.
[127]R. A. Burgos, K. Seguel, M. Perez, A. Meneses, M. Ortega, M. I. Guarda, A. Loaiza, and J. L. Hancke, "Andrographolide inhibits IFN-gamma and IL-2 cytokine production and protects against cell apoptosis," Planta Med, vol. 71, pp. 429-34, May 2005.
[128]Y. F. Xia, B. Q. Ye, Y. D. Li, J. G. Wang, X. J. He, X. Lin, X. Yao, D. Ma, A. Slungaard, R. P. Hebbel, N. S. Key, and J. G. Geng, "Andrographolide attenuates inflammation by inhibition of NF-kappa B activation through covalent modification of reduced cysteine 62 of p50," J Immunol, vol. 173, pp. 4207-17, Sep 15 2004.
[129]L. H. Qin, L. Kong, G. J. Shi, Z. T. Wang, and B. X. Ge, "Andrographolide inhibits the production of TNF-alpha and interleukin-12 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages: role of mitogen-activated protein kinases," Biol Pharm Bull, vol. 29, pp. 220-4, Feb 2006.
[130]T. Wang, B. Liu, W. Zhang, B. Wilson, and J. S. Hong, "Andrographolide reduces inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mesencephalic neuron-glia cultures by inhibiting microglial activation," J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol. 308, pp. 975-83, Mar 2004.
[131]J. H. Chen, G. Hsiao, A. R. Lee, C. C. Wu, and M. H. Yen, "Andrographolide suppresses endothelial cell apoptosis via activation of phosphatidyl inositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway," Biochem Pharmacol, vol. 67, pp. 1337-45, Apr 1 2004.
[132]A. Y. Woo, M. M. Waye, S. K. Tsui, S. T. Yeung, and C. H. Cheng, "Andrographolide up-regulates cellular-reduced glutathione level and protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury," J Pharmacol Exp Ther, vol. 325, pp. 226-35, Apr 2008.
[133]D. Pekthong, H. Martin, C. Abadie, A. Bonet, B. Heyd, G. Mantion, and L. Richert, "Differential inhibition of rat and human hepatic cytochrome P450 by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 115, pp. 432-40, Feb 12 2008.
[134]H. R. Tsai, L. M. Yang, W. J. Tsai, and W. F. Chiou, "Andrographolide acts through inhibition of ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation to suppress chemotactic migration," Eur J Pharmacol, vol. 498, pp. 45-52, Sep 13 2004.
[135]C. Wiart, K. Kumar, M. Y. Yusof, H. Hamimah, Z. M. Fauzi, and M. Sulaiman, "Antiviral properties of ent-labdene diterpenes of Andrographis paniculata nees, inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1," Phytother Res, vol. 19, pp. 1069-70, Dec 2005.
[136]F. Zhao, E. Q. He, L. Wang, and K. Liu, "Anti-tumor activities of andrographolide, a diterpene from Andrographis paniculata, by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting VEGF level," J Asian Nat Prod Res, vol. 10, pp. 467-73, May-Jun 2008.
[137]T. G. Kim, K. K. Hwi, and C. S. Hung, "Morphological and biochemical changes of andrographolide-induced cell death in human prostatic adenocarcinoma PC-3 cells," In Vivo, vol. 19, pp. 551-7, May-Jun 2005.
[138]K. Sheeja and G. Kuttan, "Activation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and attenuation of tumor growth in vivo by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide," Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol, vol. 29, pp. 81-93, 2007.
[139]R. A. Kumar, K. Sridevi, N. V. Kumar, S. Nanduri, and S. Rajagopal, "Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Andrographis paniculata," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 92, pp. 291-5, Jun 2004.
[140]J. Zhou, G. D. Lu, C. S. Ong, C. N. Ong, and H. M. Shen, "Andrographolide sensitizes cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis via p53-mediated death receptor 4 up-regulation," Mol Cancer Ther, vol. 7, pp. 2170-80, Jul 2008.
[141]M. D. Shi, H. H. Lin, Y. C. Lee, J. K. Chao, R. A. Lin, and J. H. Chen, "Inhibition of cell-cycle progression in human colorectal carcinoma Lovo cells by andrographolide," Chem Biol Interact, vol. 174, pp. 201-10, Aug 11 2008.
[142]L. Ji, T. Liu, J. Liu, Y. Chen, and Z. Wang, "Andrographolide inhibits human hepatoma-derived Hep3B cell growth through the activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase," Planta Med, vol. 73, pp. 1397-401, Oct 2007.
[143]J. Zhou, S. Zhang, C. N. Ong, and H. M. Shen, "Critical role of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members in andrographolide-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells," Biochem Pharmacol, vol. 72, pp. 132-44, Jul 14 2006.
[144]C. C. Chen, Y. J. Shiao, R. D. Lin, Y. Y. Shao, M. N. Lai, C. C. Lin, L. T. Ng, and Y. H. Kuo, "Neuroprotective diterpenes from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata," J Nat Prod, vol. 69, pp. 689-91, Apr 2006.
[145]G. A. Akowuah, I. Zhari, and A. Mariam, "Analysis of urinary andrographolides and antioxidant status after oral administration of Andrographis paniculata leaf extract in rats," Food Chem Toxicol, vol. 46, pp. 3616-20, Dec 2008.
[146]C. Zhang, M. Kuroyangi, and B. K. Tan, "Cardiovascular activity of 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide in the anaesthetised rat and isolated right atria," Pharmacol Res, vol. 38, pp. 413-7, Dec 1998.
[147]P. Thisoda, N. Rangkadilok, N. Pholphana, L. Worasuttayangkurn, S. Ruchirawat, and J. Satayavivad, "Inhibitory effect of Andrographis paniculata extract and its active diterpenoids on platelet aggregation," Eur J Pharmacol, vol. 553, pp. 39-45, Dec 28 2006.
[148]M. Geethangili, Y. K. Rao, S. H. Fang, and Y. M. Tzeng, "Cytotoxic constituents from Andrographis paniculata induce cell cycle arrest in jurkat cells," Phytother Res, vol. 22, pp. 1336-41, Oct 2008.
[149]K. F. Kazuko. Shimada, Keiko. Yahara, and Takashi. Nakamura, "Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion," J. Agric. Food Chem., 1992.
[150]I. F. Benzie, W. Y. Chung, and J. J. Strain, ""Antioxidant" (reducing) efficiency of ascorbate in plasma is not affected by concentration," J Nutr Biochem, vol. 10, pp. 146-50, Mar 1999.
[151]G. Kaur, Z. Jabbar, M. Athar, and M. S. Alam, "Punica granatum (pomegranate) flower extract possesses potent antioxidant activity and abrogates Fe-NTA induced hepatotoxicity in mice," Food Chem Toxicol, vol. 44, pp. 984-93, Jul 2006.
[152]D. A. Ribardo, J. W. Peterson, and A. K. Chopra, "Phospholipase A2-activating protein--an important regulatory molecule in modulating cyclooxygenase-2 and tumor necrosis factor production during inflammation," Indian J Exp Biol, vol. 40, pp. 129-38, Feb 2002.
[153]M. Andreani, J. L. Olivier, F. Berenbaum, M. Raymondjean, and G. Bereziat, "Transcriptional regulation of inflammatory secreted phospholipases A(2)," Biochim Biophys Acta, vol. 1488, pp. 149-58, Oct 31 2000.
[154]I. Y. Malyshev and A. Shnyra, "Controlled modulation of inflammatory, stress and apoptotic responses in macrophages," Curr Drug Targets Immune Endocr Metabol Disord, vol. 3, pp. 1-22, Mar 2003.
[155]J. W. Coleman, "Nitric oxide: a regulator of mast cell activation and mast cell-mediated inflammation," Clin Exp Immunol, vol. 129, pp. 4-10, Jul 2002.
[156]G. Dijkstra, H. Moshage, and P. L. Jansen, "Blockade of NF-kappaB activation and donation of nitric oxide: new treatment options in inflammatory bowel disease?," Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl, pp. 37-41, 2002.
[157]W. F. Chiou, J. J. Lin, and C. F. Chen, "Andrographolide suppresses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophage and restores the vasoconstriction in rat aorta treated with lipopolysaccharide," Br J Pharmacol, vol. 125, pp. 327-34, Sep 1998.
[158]R. Subramanian, M. Z. Asmawi, and A. Sadikun, "In vitro alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase enzyme inhibitory effects of Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide," Acta Biochim Pol, vol. 55, pp. 391-8, 2008.
[159]C. Y. Zhang and B. K. Tan, "Mechanisms of cardiovascular activity of Andrographis paniculata in the anaesthetized rat," J Ethnopharmacol, vol. 56, pp. 97-101, Apr 1997.
[160]賴俊吉, 傅淑玲, 林照雄, and 梁峰賓孫仲銘, "穿心蓮內酯的化學分子修飾和其生物活性," CHEMISTRY, vol. Vol. 65, No. 3, pp. 253-271, 2007.[161]S. F. Tzeng, H. Y. Hsiao, and O. T. Mak, "Prostaglandins and cyclooxygenases in glial cells during brain inflammation," Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy, vol. 4, pp. 335-40, Jun 2005.