臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究合併使用世界價值觀調查(World Values Survey，簡稱WVS)之第三波至第五波數據，與Wail et al.(2011)使用Barro and Lee(2010)的資料計算出146個國家，從1950年至2010年以5年為區間之教育吉尼係數，故總共70個國家進行分析。從文獻可以知道，在教育與幸福的研究中，同時考慮地位、所得與健康進行分析後，教育對幸福的關係下降，甚至不顯著。因此本研究主要探討在不同教育不均與不同平均教育水準的社會下，教育透過地位、所得、健康等變數對幸福的影響差異，並多加入生活掌控變數檢驗是否能解釋教育對幸福的剩餘影響。在開始分析前，先以敘述統計的方式，初步檢視在不同情況下，各教育程度者的各變數平均水準，藉此了解教育程度與各變數之關係。接著利用OLS(ordinary least squares)進行迴歸分析，以逐一及合併加入地位、所得、健康、生活掌控等變數的方式，分別討論教育對幸福的影響是否因教育不均、平均教育、教育不均與平均教育而有不同。實證結果顯示，教育不均與平均教育均會影響教育透過各管道對幸福的影響，而在教育分配不均或平均教育水準低的社會，教育透過地位與所得影響幸福的程度比較高。

This research combines and utilizes data from the third and fifth waves of the World Values Survey (WVS) and the data from Barro and Lee (2010) used by Wail et al. (2011) to calculate the Gini coefficients for education in 146 nations for the 5-year intervals between 1950 and 2010, and a total of 70 nations are analyzed. It can be observed from various literatures that, among studies on education and happiness, as social status, income, and health are all considered, the relationship of education to happiness declines or even becomes insignificant. Therefore, this research explores in societies with different education inequality and different average education levels, the difference in the impact of education on happiness through variables such as social status, income, and health, and examines whether the residual impact education has on happiness is explainable by adding living control variables. Before analysis commences, descriptive statistics are first applied to perform preliminary survey under different conditions on the average values of the variables of people with different education levels, so as to understand the relationships between education level and the variables. Subsequently, ordinary least squares (OLS) are used for regression analysis to add, one at a time and in groups, such variables as social status, income, health, and living control, and individual discussions are provided on whether the impact of education on happiness changes because of education inequality, average education, and both education inequality and average education. Empirical results indicate that both education inequality and average education will affect the impact of education on happiness via different channels, and that in societies with unequal education or low average education levels, education has higher degrees of impact on happiness via social status and income.

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究流程與架構 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
第一節 教育與其他變數之相關文獻 4
第二節 教育、其他變數與幸福之相關文獻 5
第三節 小結 9
第三章 資料來源與樣本特性 10
第一節 資料來源 10
第二節 變數說明與樣本特性 10
第四章 實證方法與模型 18
第一節 實證方法 18
第二節 實證模型 25
第五章 實證分析與討論 29
第一節 教育對幸福的影響是否因教育不均而不同 29
第二節 教育對幸福的影響是否因平均教育而不同 48
第三節 教育對幸福的影響是否因教育不均與平均教育而不同 65
第六章 結論與建議 82
參考文獻 86
附錄 90

Boyce, C. J., Brown, G. D., & Moore, S. C. (2010), ”Money and Happiness Rank of Income, Not Income, Affects Life Satisfaction,” Psychological Science, 21(4), 471-475.
Bynner, J., Schuller, T., & Feinstein, L. (2003), ”Wider benefits of education: skills, higher education and civic engagement,” Zeitschrift für Pädagogik, 49(3), 341-361.
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (1996), ”International measures of schooling years and schooling quality, ” The American Economic Review, 86(2), 218-223.
Clark, A. E., & Oswald, A. J. (1994), ”Unhappiness and unemployment,” The Economic Journal, 104(424), 648-659.
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2006), Education and health: evaluating theories and evidence (No. w12352). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Cutler, D. M., & Lleras-Muney, A. (2010), ”Understanding differences in health behaviors by education, ” Journal of health economics, 29(1), 1-28.
Crocker, R. K. (2002), Learning outcomes: A critical review of the state of the field in Canada. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada.
Cuñado, J., & de Gracia, F. P. (2012), ”Does education affect happiness? Evidence for Spain, ” Social indicators research, 108(1), 185-196.
Castriota, S. (2006), ”Education and happiness: A further explanation to the Easterlin Paradox?. ” <http://dspace.uniroma2.it/dspace/handle/2108/536>。
Diener, E., & Suh, E. M. (2000), Culture Subjective Well Being. The MIT press.
Dynan, K., & Ravina, E. (2007), ”Increasing income inequality, external habits, and self-reported happiness, ” American Economic Review.
Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. J., & Oswald, A. J. (2001), ”Preferences over inflation and unemployment: Evidence from surveys of happiness,” The American Economic Review, 91(1), 335-341.
Di Tella, R., Haisken-De New, J., & MacCulloch, R. (2010), ”Happiness adaptation to income and to status in an individual panel,” Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 76(3), 834-852.
De La Fuente, A., & Donénech, R. (2000), ”Human Capital in Growth Regressions: How Much Difference Does Data Quality Make? Economics Department Working Papers NO. 262,” Working Papers-organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Economics Department.
Frey, B. S., & Stutzer, A. (2000), ”Happiness, economy and institutions,” The Economic Journal, 110(466), 918-938.
Fiske, S. T. (2004), Social beings: A core motives approach to social psychology. Wiley.
Ferrer‐i‐Carbonell, A., & Frijters, P. (2004), ”How Important is Methodology for the estimates of the determinants of Happiness?,”The Economic Journal, 114(497), 641-659.
Gerdtham, U. G., & Johannesson, M. (1997), ”The relationship between happiness, health, and socio-economic factors: results based on Swedish micro data,” Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance, 207.
Hojo, M. (2009), ”Inequality in Japanese Education, ”Japanese Economy, 36(3), 3-27.
Haveman, R. H., & Wolfe, B. L. (1984), ”Schooling and economic well-being: The role of nonmarket effects, ” Journal of Human Resources, 377-407.
Hartog, J., & Oosterbeek, H. (1998), ”Health, wealth and happiness: Why pursue a higher education?, ” Economics of Education Review, 17(3), 245-256.
Helliwell, J. F. (2003), ”How's life? Combining individual and national variables to explain subjective well-being,” Economic Modelling, 20(2), 331-360.
Helliwell, J. F., & Putnam, R. D. (2004), ”The social context of well-being,” Philosophical transactions-royal society of London series B biological sciences, 1435-1446.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. (1995), ”Social conditions as fundamental causes of disease, ” Journal of health and social behavior, 80-94.
Layard, R. (2005), Happiness: Lessons from a New Science. London：Penguin Books.
Lin, C. H. A. (2007), ”Education Expansion, Educational Inequality, and Income Inequality: Evidence from Taiwan, 1976–2003, ”Social indicators research, 80(3), 601-615.
Morrisson, C., & Murtin, F. (2010), The Kuznets curve of education: a global perspective on education inequalities (No. 0116). Centre for the Economics of Education, LSE.
Michalos, A. C. (1991), Global report on student well-being (Vol. 1). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Nelson, R. R., & Phelps, E. S. (1966), ”Investment in humans, technological diffusion, and economic growth,” The American Economic Review, 56(1/2), 69-75.
Oswald, A. J. (1997), ”Happiness and Economic Performance,” The Economic Journal, 107(445), 1815-1831.
Oishi, S., Kesebir, S., & Diener, E. (2011), ”Income inequality and happiness,” Psychological science, 22(9), 1095-1100.
Preston, J., & Hammond, C. (2002), ”The Wider Benefits of Further Education: Practitioner Views. Wider Benefits of Learning Research Report. ” <http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED468469&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED468469>。
Rosenzweig, M. R. (1995), ”Why are there Returns to Schooling?,” The American Economic Review, 85(2), 153-158.
Schultz, T. W. (1975), ”The value of the ability to deal with disequilibria,” Journal of economic literature, 13(3), 827-846.
Thomas, V., Wang, Y., & Fan, X. (2001), Measuring education inequality: Gini coefficients of education (Vol. 2525). World Bank Publications.
Tomul, E. (2011), ”Educational Inequality in Turkey: An Evaluation by Gini Index* Türkiye’de Eğitim Eşitsizliği: Gini İndeksine Göre Değerlendirme,” Education, 36(160),133-143.
Umberson, D. (1987), ”Family status and health behaviors: Social control as a dimension of social integration,” Journal of health and social behavior, 306-319.
Vila, L. E. (2000), ”The non-monetary benefits of education,” European Journal of Education, 35(1), 21-32.
Veenhoven, R. (1996), ”Developments in satisfaction-research,” Social Indicators Research, 37(1), 1-46.
Veenhoven, R. (2010), ”How universal is happiness,” International differences in well-being, 328-350.
Wilson, W. (1967), ”Correlates of avowed happiness,” Psychological bulletin, 67(4), 294-306.
Woittiez, I. and Theeuwes, J. J. M. (1995), ”Well-being and labor market status,” Research Memorandum 95.01, Cerra, Leiden.
Wail, B., Hanchane, S., & Kamal, A. (2011), ”A New Data Set of Educational Inequality in the World, 1950-2010: Gini Index of Education by Age Group, ”Available at SSRN 1895496.