臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究使用的金屬處理廠二級處理的廢水,進行現場模擬試驗,在不同條件下之表面下流動式人工濕地系統(Subsurface Flow, SSF),提升有機物和營養鹽之去除效率,降低廢水處理成本,達到水資源循環再利用的目的.
在人工濕地對污染物質去除效率影響的探討中,嘗試以不同介質(再生活性碳,石英砂,爐石),種植不同植物(香蒲,蘆葦)和水力停留時間(1.5,1,0.5天),以及採曝氣方式操作(蘆葦活性碳)之SSF人工濕地,經由定期採樣分析,著重於有機物質和營養鹽(TOC,COD,BOD5,懸浮固體物,TN,TP)之去除效率探討,以自然方式來達到去除水中污染物質.後續探討之活性碳介質及試驗組,皆使用再生活性碳.
本研究水質分析結果顯示,各試驗組最佳去除效率,TOC去除效率為:蘆葦活性碳組94.3 %>曝氣蘆葦活性碳組93.0 %>香蒲活性碳組91.6 %;COD去除效率為:香蒲活性碳組79.7%,曝氣蘆葦活性碳組79.1%>蘆葦活性碳組68.8%;BOD5去除效率為:香蒲活性碳組89.4 %>蘆葦活性碳組87.3 %>曝氣蘆葦活性碳77.9 %;TN去除效率為:蘆葦活性碳組84.4 %>曝氣蘆葦活性碳組82.2%>香蒲活性碳組75.6 %;TP去除效率為:蘆葦爐石組67.7%>香蒲活性碳組65.7%>蘆葦石英砂組65.4%.
本研究結果顯示,經不同介質之試驗組淨化後,活性碳在有機物質及氮營養鹽之去除效率上,相對於石英砂可提供較穩定的效果,爐石對於磷營養鹽去除效率上,相較於活性碳,石英砂去除效率上較不顯著;大部分的分析結果顯示,在TOC,COD,TN去除效率上,蘆葦組略優於香蒲組(P>0.05),而BOD5可能因進流濃度較低,則呈現香蒲組略優於蘆葦組之現象(P>0.05);在不同水力停留時間(HRT)之下,有機物質,固體物及磷營養鹽,約0.5~1天即可到達最佳去除效率;氮營養鹽則需約1~1.5天.蘆葦活性碳組曝氣與否,對於各項污染物質之去除效率略有提升,但並不顯著(P>0.05),主要原因可能為進流濃度偏低所造成.

In this research, we designed various models of Subsurface Flow System (SSF) to treat wastewater which was previously treated with secondary treatment from a metal processing plant.We intended to enhance the removal efficiency of organic matter and nutrient, to reduce the cost of wastewater treatment, and to achieve the purpose of water recycling.
In an attempt to remove the contaminated substances in the water by a natural way, we constructed subsurface flow system wetlands by using different media (regenerated activated carbon, quartz sand and slag), different plants (cattail and reed) planted on the media, at various hydraulic retention time (0.5 day, 1 day and 1.5 days), with/without aeration at reed activated carbon system. Wastewater was directed to flow through the wetlands under various time period, wastewater was then collected and analyzed for the removal efficiency of the organic substances and Nutrients, i.e., Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), 5 Days Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Suspended Solid Substances (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphate (TP). Throughout the entire study, the regenerated activated carbon was used as the activated carbon media.
The results revealed the best removal efficiency for the contaminants as the followings: in TOC removal group, reed activated carbon (94.3%) > aerated reed activated carbon (93.0%) > cattail activated carbon (91.6%); in COD removal group, cattail activated carbon (79.7%) > aerated reed activated carbon (79.1%) > reed activated carbon (68.8%); in BOD5 removal group, cattail activated carbon (89.4%) > reed activated carbon (87.3%) > aerated reed activated carbon (77.9%); in TN removal group, reed activated carbon (84.4%) > aerated reed activated carbon (82.2%) > cattail activated carbon (75.6%); in TP removal group, reed slag (67.7%) > cattail activated carbon (65.7%) > reed quartz sand (65.4%).
In summary, activated carbon group has consistent results which are better than quartz sand in the removal of organic substances and nutritional nitrogen salt. Comparing slag group to the activated carbon group and quartz sand group in the removal of total phosphate, the difference in efficiency is not significant. In terms of the removal of TOC, COD and TN, reed is slightly better than cattail (P>0.05); while in the removal of BOD5, cattail is slightly better than reed (P> 0.05). The results could be attributed to the low influent amount of the contaminant. In various hydraulic retention time studies, the contaminants of organic substances, solid substances, and nutritional phosphate salt can be removed within half to one day; while nutritional nitrogen salt will take one to one and a half day to be removed. The aeration in the reed activated carbon group helps slightly in the removal of the contaminants, but not significant (P> 0.05). The results could be attributed to the low influent amount of the contaminants.

目 錄
摘 要 I
ABSTRACT III
誌 謝 V
目 錄 VII
圖目錄 XI
表目錄 XV
第一章 前言 1
1.1. 研究背景與動機 1
1.2. 研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1. 濕地概述 4
2.1.1. 濕地定義 4
2.1.2. 濕地類型 9
2.2. 人工溼地系統簡述 11
2.2.1. 人工溼地系統的分類 11
2.2.2. 人工溼地系統的類型 13
2.3. 人工溼地水質淨化機制 17
2.3.1. 有機物的去除 21
2.3.2. 固體物的去除 22
2.3.3. 氮的去除 22
2.3.4. 磷的去除 25
2.4. 國內外人工溼地處理案例 28
2.4.1. 國外人工溼地處理案例 28
2.4.2. 國內人工溼地處理案例 30
第三章 研究方法 32
3.1. 事業廢水特性及處理效率 32
3.1.1. 事業廢水特性 32
3.1.2. 廢水處理場的操作 33
3.1.3. 放流水性質 37
3.2. 人工濕地系統建立與操作 39
3.2.1. 人工濕地程序建立參數 42
3.2.2. 環境背景 43
3.2.3. 處理效能的評估 43
3.3. 水質自然淨化削減量採樣與分析 44
3.3.1. 水質採樣分析及頻率 45
3.3.2. TOC分析 47
3.4. 溼地介質 48
3.4.1. 活性碳 48
3.4.2. 石英砂 49
3.4.3. 爐石 50
3.5. 水生植物的選擇 53
3.5.1. 蘆葦 53
3.5.2. 香蒲 54
第四章 結果與討論 55
4.1. 進流水分析及特性 56
4.1.1. 進流水中有機物與固體物分析 56
4.1.2. 進流水中氮、磷營養鹽分析 57
4.1.3. 進流水中其他水質分析 57
4.2. 人工溼地對有機物及固體物之處理效能 59
4.2.1. 使用不同介質及種植不同植物對處理效能之影響 59
4.2.2. 操作不同停留時間對處理效能的影響 62
4.2.3. 曝氣對蘆葦活性碳床處理效能的影響 65
4.3. 人工溼地對氮營養鹽處理效能 78
4.3.1. 使用不同介質及種植不同植物對處理效能之影響 78
4.3.2. 操作不同停留時間對處理效能的影響 80
4.3.3. 曝氣對蘆葦活性碳床處理效能的影響 82
4.4. 人工溼地對磷營養鹽處理效能 91
4.4.1. 使用不同介質及種植不同植物對處理效能之影響 91
4.4.2. 操作不同停留時間對處理效能的影響 92
4.4.3. 曝氣對蘆葦活性碳床處理效能的影響 93
4.5. 人工溼地對其他水質分析項目之影響 99
4.5.1. 溶氧（DO）之影響 99
4.5.2. 溫度之影響 99
4.5.3. pH之影響 100
4.5.4. 導電度之影響 100
4.5.5. 曝氣對蘆葦活性碳床效能的影響 101
4.6. 問題研討 106
4.6.1. 爐石鹼度過高 106
4.6.2. 植物死亡 106
4.6.3. 流量控制與管線塞管 106
4.6.4. 進流水源不穩定 107
4.6.5. 爐石出現膠羽 107
4.6.6. 石英砂濁度及SS偏高 107
第五章 結論與建議 111
5.1 結論 111
5.2 建議 113
參考文獻 114
附件 植物收割記錄 123

Abira, M. A., van Bruggen, J. J. A., Denny, P., 2005, Potential of a tropical subsurface constructed wetland to remove phenol from pre-treated pulp and papermill wastewater. Water Science and Technology 51(9):173-175.
Bailey, S. E., Olin, T. J., Brickka, R. M. , Adrin, D.D., 1999, A Review of Potentially Low-Cost Sorbents for Heavy Metals, Water Research, Vol.33, No.11, pp. 2469-2479.
Baker, L. A., 1993, Introduction to nonpoint source pollution and wetland mitigation. In R. K. Olson, Ed., Created and natural wetlands for controlling Nonpoint Source Pollution. C. K. SMOLEY.
Barnes, D., Bliss, P. J., 1983, Biological Control of Nitrogen in Wastewater Treatment. E. and F. N. Spon, New York, NY.
Bastian, R.K., Hammer, D.A., 1993, The Use of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment and Recycling, in Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality and Improvement, Chapter 5, Moshiri, G. A., ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, F. L..
Billore, S. K., Ram, H., Singh, N., Thomas, R., Nelson, R. M., Pare, B., 2002, Treatment performance evaluation of surfactant removal from domestic wastewater in a tropical horizontal subsurface constructed wetland. In: Proc.8 th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, University of Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and IWA, pp.393-399.
Bulc, T. G., 2006, Long term performance of a constructed wetland for landfill leachate treatment. Ecological Engineering 26: 365-374.
Bulc, T. G., Ojstrsek, A., Vrhovšek, D., 2006, The use of constructed wetland for textile wastewater treatment.In: Proc. 10 th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control,MAOTDR 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1667-1675.
Calheiros, C. S. C., Rangel, A. O. S. S., Castro, P. K. L., 2007, Constructed wetland systems vegetated with different plants applied to the treatment of tannery wastewater. Water Research 41: 1790-1798.
Davies, T. H., Cottingham, P. D., 1993, Phosphorus removal form wastewater in a constructed wetland. In Moshiri, G. A., Ed., constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis.
Davies, T. H., Cottingham, P. D., 1993, Phosphorus Removeal from Waster in a Constructed Wetland. In Moshiri, G. A., Eds, Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement. Lewis.
Davison, L., Headley, T., Pratt, K., 2005, Aspects of design, structure, performance and operation of reed beds - eight Experiments years''experience in northeastern New South Wales, Australia. Water Science and Technology 51: 129-138.
Davison, L., Pont, D., Bolton, K., Headley, T., 2006, Dealing with nitrogen in subtropical Australia: Seven case studies in the diffusion of ecotechnological innovation. Ecological Engineering 28: 213-223.
Dias, V. N., Canseiro, C., Gomes, A. R., Correia, B., Bicho, C., 2006, Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Portugal: a global overview.In: Proc. 10 th Internat. Conf. Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, MAOTDR 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 91-101.
Dimitrova, S. V., Mehanjiev, D. R., 1998, Lead Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag. Water Research, Vol.32, No.11, pp.3289-3292.
Dotro, G., Fitch, M., Larsen, D., Palazolo, P., 2006, Treatment of chromium-bearing wastewaters from tannery operations with constructed wetlands. In: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, MAOTDR 2006, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 1725–1733.
Faulkner, S. P., Richardson, C. J., 1989, Physical and chemical characteristics of freshwater wetland soils. Constructed Wetlands forWastewater Treatment-Municipal , Industrical and Agricultural , pp41-72.
Gray, S., Kinross, J., Read P., Marland, N. , 2000, The nutrient assimilative capacity of mareal as a substrate in constructed wetland systems for waste treatment. Wat. Res., 34(8), 2183~2190.
Hammer, D. A. , 1997, Creating Freshwater Wetlands. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
Horan, N. J., 1990, Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems - Theory and Operation, Wiley, Chichester, 1990, p. 217.
Horne, A. J., Goldman, C. R. , 1994, Limnology, Second edition, McGreaw-Hill, New York.
Kadlec, R. H., Knight, R. L. , 1996, Treatment Wetlands. CRC Press, FL.
Katy-Cypress Wetlands Mitigation Bank., 1999, Mitigation Bank. Available online at http://www.kcwetlands.com/mitibank.htm
Küçük, O. S., Sengul, F., Kapdan, I. K. , 2003, Removal of ammonia from tannery effluents in a reed bed constructed wetland.Water Science and Technology 48(11-12): 179-186.
Matamoros, V., García, J., Bayona, J. M., 2005, Elimination of PPCPs in subsurface and surface flow constructed wetlands. In: Book of Abstracts of the Internat. Symp. Wetland Pollutant Dynamics and Control, Ghent University, Belgium, pp. 107-108.
Mbuligwe, S. E., 2005, Comparative treatment of dye-rich wastewater in engineered wetland system (EWSs) vegetated with different plants. Water Research 39, 271–280.
Mitsch, W. J., 1993, Ecological engineering-a cooperative role with the planetarylife-support system. Environmental Science, 27 (3), 438-455.
Mitsch, W. J., Gosselink, J. G., 1993, Wetlands, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons (formerly Van Nostrand Reinhold), New York. 722 pp.
Mitsch, W. J., Gosselink, J.G., 1993, Wetlands. pp113-119, pp443-460.
Patrick, J. J., 2005, Wetland Conservation and Ecological Patterns for SustainableRainwater Management. Conference of Sustainable Development for Southwest Coast Wetland.
Randerson, P. F., 2006, Constructed wetlands and vegetation filters: an ecological approach to wastewater treatment. Environmental Biotechnology . 2(2), 78-79.
Randerson, P. F., Jordan, G., Williams, H. G., 2007, The role of willow roots in sub-surface oxygenation of vegetation filter beds – mass spectrometer investigations in Wales, UK Ecology & Hydrobiology , 7(3-4), 255-260.
Sakadevan, K., Bavor, H. J., 1998, Phosphate adsorption characteristics of soils, slags and zeolite to be used as substrates in constructed wetland systems. Wat. Res. 32(2), 393~399.
Sergio, S., Domingos, 2008, Nitrogen removal from wastewater of a fertilizer and chemical manufacturer with the use of two different hybrid constructed wetland systems planted with Schoenplectus validus. In: Mathew, K., Dallas, S., Ho, G., (eds.) Decentralised water and wastewater systems : international conference. IWA Publishing, London, pp. 79-86.
Sergio, S., Domingos, 2011, NEW VERTICAL FLOW WETLANDS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA, Specialist Group on Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control Newsletter No. 37 January 2011 pp. 24-27.
Sergio, S., Domingos, 2011, VERTICAL FLOW WETLANDS FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT, Water, 38 (3). pp. 103-104.
Van Oostrom, A. J., 1995, Nitrogen removal in constructed wetlands treating nitrified meat processing effluent , Wat. Sci. Tech. , Vol.32 , No.3 , pp137-147.
Vymazal, J. , 2009, The use constructed wetlands with horizontal sub-surface flow for various types of wastewater,ecological engineering 35 (2009) pp1–17.
Wallacece, S. D., 2002, On-site remediation of petroleum contact wastes using subsurface-flow Wetlands.In:Wetlands and Remediation II, Nehring, K.W., Brauning, S.E., eds., Battelle Press, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 125-132.
Yalcuk, A., 2009, Comparison of horizontal and vertical constructed wetland systems for landfill leachate treatment.
王姿文,2003,人工溼地處理農藥─達有龍之效能評估,嘉南學報 28期 : p.96-103.
行政院環保署,2006,「水質自然淨化工法操作維護彙編」.
何茂賢,2003,「以人工溼地系統處理受污染河水中營養鹽之探討」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
李星,刘鹏,徐根娣,蔡妙珍,陈楠,2008,人工湿地植物对电镀废水的净化和修复效果研究,浙江林业科技 第28卷第4期2 0 0 8年7月.
李琛,2011,人工溼地處理電鍍廢水研究進展,Electroplating&Pollution Control Vol.31 No.3 pp.4~6 May 2011.
李黃允,2001,「二階段人工溼地去除生活污水中之營養鹽」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
周明顯、彭致豪,2005,人工濕地污水處理技術(上、下),永續發展簡訊,第十二、十三期,經濟部水利署,民國九十四年三月、六月.
林欣怡,2000,「以礫石床人工溼地處理工業廢水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
林建榮,2001,「燃煤飛灰去除水中污染物行為之研究」,國立成功大學環境工程研究所,博士論文.
林裕彬,2011,人工濕地工程成效與操作維護管理,http://env.idv.tw/95epa-eco2/%E6%9E%97%E8%A3%95%E5%BD%AC.pdf .
林瑩峰、荊樹人、王仁俊、洪大揚、陳瑜萱、羅賀馨,人工濕地處理水回收利用之研究,中華民國環境工程學會2010 廢水處理技術研討會.
林瑩峰、荊樹人、李得元、王姿文,2001,「人工濕地--水污染防治之生態工法」,造園季刊; 40 ; 民90.09; 頁17-24.
林瑩峰、荊樹人、李得元、張翊峰、侯平君、蘇永銘,2008,「人工溼地處理含鹽廢水時水生植物耐受性的研究」,第一屆海峽兩岸人工濕地研討會,大陸武漢.
林瑩峰、荊樹人…等,2006,「回收海產廢棄物作為人工濕地介質之開發研究」,國家科學委員會專題研究計畫NSC94-2622-E-041-005-CC3.
邱文彥（1999）,「濕地對於水資源之保育管理及永續利用-子計畫七：海岸開發計畫中人工濕地及潟湖之規劃與管理：濕地保育政策與相關規範研究（第一年）」,行政院國家科學委員會永續會補助整合型研究計畫之一,NSC 88-2621-2-11--008.
施珮瑜,2001,「以模廠型人工溼地處理煉油廢水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
施凱鐘,2003,「利用人工溼地處理受硝酸鹽污染地下水之研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
柏崴環保實業有限公司,2009,屏東縣東港溪流域麟洛鄉自然淨化系統 (濕地公園)操作維護手冊,屏東縣政府環境保護局.
洪嘉星,2005,「人工溼地對除草劑2,4-D與atrazine之處理效能探討與影響」,嘉南藥理科技大學生物科技研究所,碩士論文.
胡志清,2003,「以模廠型人工溼地處理煉油及煉鋼廠廢水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
桃園縣政府環境保護局,2007,蘆竹鄉南崁溪橋段工程操作維護手冊.
荊樹人,「人工濕地之規劃設計理念及案例介紹」,生態工法人才培訓講習會,2003.
荊樹人、林瑩峰、施凱鐘、陳欽昭,2008,「人工濕地在不同水體污染之實際應用」,第一屆海峽兩岸人工濕地研討會,大陸武漢.
張文亮,2011,生態工程學的發展史,http://140.112.76.220/news/1st_agenda/01.pdf .
張文亮、蕭友晉,2006,人工濕地水生植物的栽種與去除污染評估水域與生態工程研討會.
張翊峰、王書斌、荊樹人、林瑩峰、李得元,2005,台灣地區人工溼地技術關聯資料庫之建立與研究,嘉南學報,第三十一期, pp.253-263.
張惠婷,1998,「以土壤及礫石床人工溼地處理生活污水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
莊建和,2010,「人工濕地碳質量收支平衡及碳匯能力之研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
許原哲,2006,「以人工溼地處理醫院污水處理廠放流水之研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
逢甲大學營建及防災研究中心（2005）,沿海低地排水區減洪措施與生態產業整合之研究-期末報告,經濟部水利署水利規劃試驗所.
陳怡伶,2006,「以複合式水平流人工濕地處理中高埋齡垃圾滲出水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
陳柏洲,2004,「以人工濕地淨化水質之研究」,高雄第一科技大學環境與安全衛生工程系,碩士論文.
陳柏凱,2009,「以廢輪胎切片為潛流式人工溼地填充材降解污染之可行性研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
黃政賢,1995,污水工程,高立圖書有限公司227-276.
黃壹煌,2005,「去除地下水硝酸鹽之人工溼地的動態變化研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
嘉義縣政府環境保護局,2009,嘉義縣三疊溪大林人工溼地（大林明華溼地園區）維護管理操作手冊.
蔡凱元,2004,「以人工溼地處理垃圾滲出水可行性之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
蔡皓程,2007,「垂直流人工溼地氮循環過程研究與操作機制探討」,國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系,碩士論文.
蔣本基、謝永旭等人,廢水處理專責人員訓練教材,廢水處理單元－化學處理.
盧鴻偉,2008,「自然淨化系統永續經營與社區發展相關性之研究—以台南縣市設置自然淨化系統之社區為例」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
賴恩華,2003,「以人工溼地處理工業廢水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境學系,碩士論文.
濕地保護工作委員會. 1994.「八十三年度台灣海岸地區環境敏感地帶保護區示範規劃─鳥類、紅樹林、濕地調查」計畫. 行政院環境保護署. 台北市.
薛怡珍、黃士嘉、楊璦華,2004,濕地植物去污淨化功能與選種建議,台灣林業,93年專題,P44~51.
謝莞蓁,2010,「以不同介質表面下流動式人工濕地系統去除金屬加工廠放流水中重金屬之研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
魏德明,2008,「以人工溼地處理金屬加工業廢水處理廠出流水之研究」,嘉南藥理科技大學環境工程與科學系,碩士論文.
羅瑋琪,2002,「以人工濕地處理煉油及煉鋼廢水之研究」,碩士論文,國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系,碩士論文.
鐘佳琪,2010,「以垂直流式人工濕地處理含硫酸鹽廢水之研究」,國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系,碩士論文.
行政院公共工程委員會,2005,建立人工濕地設置與操作作業程序及技術手冊.
行政院農業委員會,1987,自然保育通訊月刊,第十三期.