紅藜(Chenopodium sp.)為南台灣屏東縣排灣族原住民傳統上使用之一年生作物，可供食用但較常用於釀製小米酒之酒麴原料。紅藜植株生長快速，但其生態生理學性狀尚少研究。本研究測定盆栽及田間栽植紅藜植株的光合作用光反應及溫度反應，並在田間栽植植株的整個生活史過程，測定不同發育階段形成之葉片的光合作用潛力、葉綠素濃度、葉綠素螢光反應，以及葉面積隨著葉齡改變的情形。
本研究紅藜於春季播種，整個生活史共103天，其中營養生長期約54天，生殖生長期28天，成熟期21天。紅藜植株於營養生長後期至生殖生長期的開花期，約生活史的第52日至第73日有較多的葉片數與較大葉面積。紅藜植株長度在抽穗時急遽增加，於生殖生長期間長高133 cm，但穗轉色進入成熟期後植株即停止伸長。紅藜不同階段形成的葉片葉壽命為48-53天。同一植株不同葉片間，葉形具高度多型性，營養生長後期形成的單葉葉面積明顯較大，達73.5±2.3 cm2，營養生長前期與生殖生長期形成的單葉葉面積則分別為29.3±2.3及35.8±2.1 cm2。
紅藜的光合作用光反應表現出非耐陰種的特性。盆栽植株與田間植株的光合作用率分別在光量1300與1500 μmol photon m-2s-1達光飽和，其光飽和光合作用率分別為20.7與25.1 μmol CO2 m-2s-1，光補償點分別為34與41 μmol photon m-2s-1，盆栽植株(2月)光合作用最適溫度為25.1℃，田間植株(5月)最適溫度為26.3℃，而最適光合作用80%所對應的溫度範圍盆栽植株為17.1-33.2℃，田間植株為18.1-34.4℃，兩類植株均有16℃的溫度分布範圍，屬廣溫型植物。在葉片發育過程，淨光合作用率與葉綠素濃度均在葉齡17-20日達到最高，最高光合作用率可達32.5 μmol CO2 m-2s-1。營養生長前、後兩期形成的葉片，光合潛力達20 μmol CO2 m-2s-1以上的生理活動旺盛期有19-20日，佔其葉壽命的40%，而生殖生長期形成的葉片只有6日，佔其葉壽命的13%。三個不同生長階段形成的葉片，其光合作用率與葉綠素濃度間均呈顯著直線正相關，但越晚形成的葉片，此關係的斜率較低。葉綠素螢光反應Fv/Fm值於葉齡8-9日起即維持約0.8，無大幅變化，葉片轉色後即無法偵測。此變化趨勢與光合作用率隨葉齡改變的趨勢不同。紅藜植株不同發育階段形成的葉片，氣孔導度與蒸散作用率均隨葉齡增加而降低。
本研究發現，紅藜植株生長快速且具有很高的光合作用潛力，尤其是在營養生長期形成的葉片，生理旺盛期可達19-20天之久，最高光合作用率可達32.5 μmol CO2 m-2s-1，由此可提供植株在生殖生長期快速長高及形成花穗所需之碳水化合物。

Djulis (Chenopodium sp.) is an annual crop plant which is traditionally used by the people of Pai-wan tribe in Pingtung, southern Taiwan. Cereals of djulis are editable but more commonly served as ferment yeast (peka) in the process of making millet liquor. This crop plant is of ethnobotany value; however, the ecophysiological characteristics of this plant received little study in the past. In this study the photosynthetic light responses and the temperature responses in both potted and planted djulis were measured. Dynamics of photosynthetic potential, chlorophyll concentration, chlorophyll fluorescence, and leaf area increment were also monitored along of various developmental stages leaf maturation.
Total life span of djulis in this study was 103 days when they were cultivated in the spring. Duration of the vegetative, the reproductive, and the ripen stages were 54, 28, and 21 days, respectively. Both the number of leaves and leaf area reached their maximum levels from day 52 to day 73, when the plants were on their late vegetative stage and reproductive stage. Length of the plants increased dramatically (133 cm) as the spikes start to grow. But the length of the plants stop increasing as the spike turned color and reached their ripen stage. Leaf-life span were about 48-53 days for all leaves initiated at various developmental stages. Leaves of djulis were highly polymorphic. Those leaves initiated on the late vegetative stage had the largest single leaf area of 73.5 cm2. Leaf areas for those initiated on the early vegetative stage and the reproductive stage were 29.3 and 35.8 cm2, respectively.
Results of photosynthetic light responses showed that djulis is a shade-intolerant species. Light saturation points in the potted and the planted djulis were 1300 and 1500 μmol m-2s-1, respectively, and light saturated net photosynthetic rates were 20.7 and 25.1μmol m-2s-1, respectively. Results of temperature responses showed that the optimum temperature for photosynthesis in the potted and the planted djulis were 25.1℃(February) and 26.1℃(May), respectively. The temperature range over which that at least 80% of maximum rate of net photosynthesis was shown were 17.1-33.2℃ and 18.1-34.4℃ in the potted and the planted djulis, respectively. There was 16℃ of temperature span in both type of plants, which indicate that djulis has wide range of temperature tolerance. Net photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll concentrations of djulis reach the highest level on day 17-20 since the beginning of leaf initiation. The highest photosynthetic rate measured in this study was 32.5 μmol m-2s-1. In this study when a leaf had photosynthetic potential of higher than 20 μmol m-2s-1, it was regarded as in its physiologically active period. Leaves initiated during both the early vegetative stage and the late vegetative stage had physiologically active period of 19-20 days, which consist of 40% of their leaf-life span. On the other hand, leaves initiated during the reproductive stage had only 6 days of physiologically active period, which consist of only 13% of their leaf-life span. There is a positive and significant linear relationship between the photosynthetic rates and the chlorophyll concentrations in leaves of djulis. However, the slop of the linear regression became less steep as the leaves initiated at later developmental stages. Chlorophyll fluorescence value (Fv/Fm) maintained at about 0.8 since day 8-9 of leaf initiation, but it became undetectable as soon as the leaves turned coloring. This pattern is different from that of photosynthesis. As for stomatal conductance and transpiration, both activities declined as the leaves became aged.
In conclusion, it was found that djulis has high potential of photosynthesis and is a fast growing crop plant. For those leaves initiated on vegetative stage, they can maintain a physiologically active period for 19-20 days and the maximum photosynthetic rate can be higher than 30 μmol m-2s-1. Sufficient carbohydrates can be produced during this period of time for the formation of spikes and stem growth.

目 錄
摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 VI
圖表目錄 X
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 4
一、已被利用的藜屬植物概況 4
(一)地理分布 4
(二)植株形態 4
(三)栽培方式 5
(四)生長與環境條件 6
(五)營養成分 7
(六)調製與用途 8
二、植物生理活動與葉齡之關係 9
(一)光合作用率與葉齡之關係 10
(二)氣孔導度與葉齡 12
(三)葉綠素濃度與葉齡 12
(四)葉綠素螢光反應與植物生理 13
(五)光合作用率與葉綠素濃度之關係 14
參、材料與方法 16
一、試驗材料及地點 16
(一)盆栽試驗 16
(二)田間試驗 16
(三)田間試驗植株照光程度的測定 17
二、紅藜生理活動測定 17
(一)光合作用光反應的測定 17
(二)光合作用溫度反應的測定 18
(三)不同葉齡紅藜光合作用潛力之變化 19
三、紅藜葉綠素濃度、葉綠素螢光反應及葉面積之測定 20
(一)葉綠素指標值與葉綠素濃度標準曲線之製備 20
(二)不同葉齡葉綠素指標值之測定 21
(三)葉綠素螢光值 21
(四)葉面積測定 21
四、資料分析 21
肆、結果 23
一、紅藜的生活史 23
(一)不同發育階段歷程 23
(二)葉壽命 26
(三)葉形及葉面積 26
二、紅藜的生理活動 30
(一)紅藜光合作用光反應 30
(二)紅藜光合作用溫度反應 32
(三)紅藜田間栽植植株照光程度 33
(四)光合作用潛力隨葉齡的變化 35
(五)葉綠素濃度隨葉齡的變化 38
(六)氣孔導度與蒸散作用率隨葉齡的變化 42
(七)葉綠素螢光反應(Fv/Fm)隨葉齡之變化 43
(八)光合作用率與葉綠素濃度的關係 44
(九)光合作用率與氣孔導度及蒸散作用率的關係 46
(十)光合作用潛力及單葉葉面積隨葉齡變化的比較 47
伍、討論 48
一、紅藜的生活史 48
二、紅藜的生理活動 49
(一)光合作用光反應及溫度反應 49
(二)光合作用率與葉齡的關係 52
(三)葉綠素濃度及葉綠素螢光與葉齡的關係 53
(四)紅藜生理活動與生產力 54
陸、結論 57
柒、參考文獻 59
作者簡介 70
圖表目錄
圖1 喜瑪拉雅地區Chenopodium album各品系穀藜普遍的利用方式 9
圖2 紅藜植株不同發育階段日數及植株長度之變化 24
圖3 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片之葉形 27
圖4 紅藜生長期間單株葉片數與葉面積之變化 28
圖5 紅藜盆栽及田間栽植植株淨光合作用率隨光量之變化 31
圖6 紅藜植株光合作用溫度反應曲線 32
圖7 紅藜田間植株晴天及陰天接受光量之日變化 34
圖8 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片維持不同光合作用率之日數 36
圖9 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片光合作用率隨葉齡之變化 37
圖10 紅藜葉片之葉綠素指標值與葉綠素濃度之相關性 38
圖11 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片葉綠素濃度隨葉齡之變化 39
圖12 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片平均葉綠素濃度隨葉齡之變化 39
圖13 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片維持不同葉綠素濃度之日數 40
圖14 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片氣孔導度與蒸散作用率隨葉齡之變化 42
圖15 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片之葉齡與葉綠素螢光指標值 43
圖16 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片之光合作用潛力與葉綠素指標值及葉綠素濃度之關係 44
圖17 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片光合作用率與葉綠素濃度之變化 45
圖18 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片光合作用率、氣孔導度與蒸散作用率之關係 46
圖19 紅藜不同發育階段形成之葉片光合作用潛力與葉面積隨葉齡之變化 47
彩色圖版1. 紅藜不同發育階段植株各部位照片 25
表1 屏東科技大學2004年2月至7月降雨量及月均溫 16
表2 紅藜植株性狀之相關資料 23
表3 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片之平均葉壽命及葉壽命範圍 26
表4 紅藜不同發育階段形成的葉片葉面積相關資料 27
表5 紅藜三植株葉片新生及掉落動態變化 29
表6 紅藜植株之光飽和光合作用率、暗呼吸率、光飽和點、光補償點及光量子效益 30
表7 紅藜田間栽植植株白天接受光量程度 33
表8 紅藜不同發育階段所形成的葉片光合作用潛力相關資料 35

柒、參考文獻
丁文彥 (1991) 大豆葉片老化之探討。花蓮區農業改良場研究彙報 7：57-71。
古明萱、李成章 (1993) 大豆不同落葉基因型葉片生理特性之比較。中華農藝 3：163-174。
白鈞尹 (1999) 芹菜光合作用與栽培密度之研究。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。78頁。
朱格麟 (1995) 藜科植物的起源、分化和地理分布。植物分類學報 34：486-504。
朱德民 (1993) 植物與環境逆境。明文書局，356頁。
李叡明 (1993) 資源植物學：研究方法入門。淑馨出版社，215頁。
林柏岑 (2000) 離層酸調節水稻幼苗耐冷性與光氧化作用之關係。台灣大學農藝學研究所碩士論文。127頁。
柯勇 (2002) 植物生理學。藝軒圖書出版社，762頁。
姚銘輝、盧虎生、朱鈞 (2002) 葉綠素螢光與作物生理反應。科學農業 50：31-41。
胡發韜 (1995) 火鶴花光合作用與消蕾之研究。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。138頁。
高景輝 (1978) 葉片老化與光合作用及產量之關係。68-85頁。中央研究院植物研究所專刊第2號。91頁。
高景輝 (1996) 植物生長與分化。國立編譯館，731頁。
婁義龍、田應生、陳振聲、姚佳華、高嘉麟 (1996) 鬱金香的光合特性及不同基肥對其生長發育的影響。園藝學報 23：165-168。
張守仁 (1999) 葉綠素螢光動力學參數的意義及討論。植物學通報 16：444-448。
張芳銘 (1997) 台灣食用藜之研究。台灣大學農藝學研究所碩士論文。83頁。
張連晋 (1997) 環境因子及生理因子對愛文檬果葉片光合作用之影響。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。85頁。
翁仁憲、陳清義 (1984) 台灣水稻之光合成作用、物質生產及穀實生產特性。第一報﹘第一、二期作水稻之物質生產與穀實生產特性。中華農學會報 新125：4-14。
翁仁憲、陳清義、楊秋英 (1986) 大豆之光合成作用與物質生產特性之研究。第四報﹘日長及溫度對光合成作用之影響。中華農學會報 新133：25-31。
翁仁憲 (1992) C3及C4型葉菜類之CO2交換特性﹘光及氮之影響。中華農學會報 新157：21-33。
陳幼光 (1990) 芒果環狀剝皮對抽梢、開花、枝梢營養和光合作用的影響。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。83頁。
陳清義、李裕娟 (1990) 大豆不同品種間光合成能力之差異。農林學報 39：105-120。
陳裕星 (1990) 不同氮肥濃度對聖誕紅光合作用的影響與母株插穗產量。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。88頁。
許明晃 (2003) 甘藷葉片色素含量與反射光譜關係之研究。台灣大學農藝學研究所博士論文。149頁。
郭益全、蔡金川、蔣永正、王鐘和、張義璋、余志儒 (2000) 稻生長與環境之精準管理。水稻精準農業(耕)體系之研究。25-52頁。行政院農業委員會農業試驗所。129頁。
郭能成、林萬居 (1997) 民俗作物藜之利用評估﹘播種密度對植株生質量及籽實產量之影響(夏秋作)。雜糧作物試驗研究年報 86：371-378。
郭能成 (1998) 民俗作物藜之利用評估﹘播種密度對植株生質量及籽實產量之影響(冬季裡作)。雜糧作物試驗研究年報 87：372-379。
郭能成 (1999) 民俗作物藜之利用評估﹘播種密度對植株生質量及籽實產量之影響(春作)。雜糧作物試驗研究年報 88：307-314。
郭能成 (2000) 藜高產性狀之探討。雜糧作物試驗研究年報 89：288-295。
郭瑋君 (1998) 蝴蝶蘭光合作用特性之研究。台灣大學園藝學研究所碩士論文。137頁。
郭耀綸 (2001) 外來入侵種長穗木之個體生態學性狀及相剋作用潛力。台灣林業科學 16：103-114。
郭耀綸、范開翔、黃慈薇、李彥屏、吳惠綸、蔡瑞芬 (2004) 台灣三十種闊葉樹陽葉氣體交換潛力之研究。台灣林業科學 19：375-386。
葉茂生 (1999) 台灣山地作物資源彩色圖鑑。台灣省政府農林廳編，217頁。
葉蟬嫻、施慶芳、周雪美 (2003) 台灣欒樹淨光合作用率之研究。師大生物學報 38：37-36。
楊秋英、翁仁憲、陳清義 (1984) 大豆之光合成作用與物質生產特性之研究。第二報﹘冬季大豆光合成特性。中華農學會報 新126：34-43。
楊純明 (2003) 利用葉綠素測計估測水稻植株葉綠素及氮素。中華農學研究 52：73-83。
裘君慧 (1987) 玉米之水分生理特性與光合成作用之研究。中興大學植物學研究所碩士論文。76頁。
賈慎修 (1991) 中國飼用植物志第三卷。五、藜科。中國飼用植物志編輯委員會。農業出版社，324-347頁。
廖天賜、翁仁憲 (2000) 台灣常見數種作物、野草及林木之光合作用特性。林業研究季刊 22(3)：15-26。
廖玉琬、徐善德 (1999) 植物生理學。啓英文化事業有限公司，581頁。
廖鏡思、劉珠、陳清西、鄭國華 (1996) 龍眼光合特性及其影響因子的研究。園藝學報 23：1-7。
蔡承良、鐘華月 (1984) 不同播種期對玉米生育及產量的影響。中華農學會報 新127：52-57。
熊同銓、陳淑真 (1999) 葉齡、枝條及品種之差異對玫瑰光合作用之影響。華岡農科學報 11：73-84。
賴美鳳 (2003) 光度與溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響。中興大學生命科學系碩士論文。76頁。
謝昱暲 (1978) 水稻群落的乾物質生產。29-38頁。中央研究院植物研究所專刊第2號。91頁。
Andersen, P. C., and B. V. Brodbeck (1988) Water relation and net CO2 assimilation of peach leaves of different ages. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113:242-248.
Bazzaz, F. A., and R W. Carlson (1982) Photosynthetic acclimation to variability in the light environment of early and late successional plants. Oecologia 54:313-316.
Colquhoun, J. B., C. M. Boerboom, L. K. Binning, D. E. Stoltenberg, and J. M. Norman (2001) Common lambsquarters photosynthesis and seed production in three environments. Weed Science 49:334-339.
Danks, S. M., E. H. Evans, and P. A. Wittaker (1983) Photosynthetic system. Structure function and assembly. Wiley. New York. p.121-135.
Diemer, M. V., C. H. Körner, and S. Prock (1992) Leaf life spans in wild perennial herbaceous plants: a survey and attempts at a functional interpretation. Oecologia 89:10-16.
Gauslaa, Y., and K. A. Solhaug (1999) High-light damage in air-dry thalli of the old forest lichen Lobaria pulmonaria- interaction of irradiance, exposure duration and high temperature. Journal of Experimental Botany 50:697-705.
Giunta, F., R. Motzo, and M. Deidda (2002) SPAD reading and associated leaf traits in durum wheat, barley and triticale cultivars. Euphytica 125:197-205.
Guidi, L., C. Nali, S. Lorenzini, and G. F. Soldatini (1997) The use of chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf gas exchange as method for studying the different responses to ozone of two bean cultivars. Journal of Experimental Botany 48:173-179.
He, D., and G. E. Edwards (1996) Evalution of the potential to measure photosynthetic rates in C3 plants (Flaveria pringlei and Oryza sativa) by combining chlorophyll fluorescence analysis and stomatal conductance model. Plant, Cell and Environment 19:1272-1280.
He, J., C. W. Chee, and C. J. Goh (1996) ‘Photoinhibtion’ of Heliconia under natural tropical conditions: the importance of leaf orientation for light interception and leaf temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment 19:1238-1248.
Ishida, A., A. Uemura, N. Koike, Y. Matsumoto, and A. L. Hoe (1999) Interactive effects of leaf age and self-shading on leaf structure, photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll fluorescence in the rain forest tree, Dryobalanops aromatica. Tree physiology 19:741-747.
Jacobsen, S. E., and O. Stρlen (1993) Quinoa - Morphology and phenology and prospects for its production as a new crop in Europe. European Journal of Agronomy 2:19-29.
Jacobsen, S. E., N. Nuñez, C. R. Spehar, and C. R. Jensen (1998) Quinoa: a potential drought resistant crop for the brazilian savannah. International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture in Tropical and Subtropical Highlands with Special Reference to Latin America(SATHLA), 9-13/3 1998, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Johnson, D. L., and R. Croissant (1985) Quinoa production in Colorado. Service in action No.112 Colorado State University, Cooperative Extension, Fort Collins. 52 pp.
Johnson, D. L. (1990) New grains and pseudograins. p.122-127. In: J. Janick and J. E. Simon (eds.). Advances in new crops. Timber Press. Portland.
Kato, M. C., K. Hikosaka, and T. Hirose (2002) Photoinactivation and recovery of photosystem II of Chenopodium album leaves grown at different levels of irradiance and nitrogen availability. Functional Plant Biology 29:787-795.
Krol, M., A. G. Ivanov, S. Jansson, K. Kloppstech, and N. P. A. Huner (1999) Greening under high light or cold temperature affect the level of Xanthophyll-cycle pigments, early light-inducible proteins, and light-harvesting polypeptides in wild-type barley and the chlorine f2 mutant. Plant Physiology 120:193-203.
Lazar, D., and P. Ilik (1997) High-temperature induced chlorophyll fluorescence changes in barley leaves comparison of the critical temperature determined from fluorescence induction and from fluorescence temperature curve. Plant Science 124:159-164.
Lichtenthaler, H. K., and A. R. Wellburn (1983) Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions 11:591-592.
Liu, X., R. Hofshi, and M. L. Arpaia (1999) ‘HASS’ avocado leaf growth, abscission, carbon production and fruit set. Proceedings of avocado Brainstorming. p.52-55.
Lopez-Bellido, R. J., C. E. Shepherd, and P. B. Barraclough (2004) Predicting post-anthesis N requirements of bread wheat with a Minolta SPAD meter. European Journal of Agronomy 20:313-320.
Marquard, R. D., and J. L. Tipton (1987) Relationship between extractable chlorophyll and an in situ method to estimate leaf greenness. HortScience 22:1327.
Marler, T. E., B. Schaffer, and J. H. Crane (1994) Development light level affects growth, morphology and leaf physiology of young carambola trees. Journal of the American Horticultural Society 119:711-718.
Matile, P., M. Schellenberg, and C. Peisker (1992) Production and release of a chlorophyll catabolite in isolated senescent chloroplasts. Planta 187:230-235.
Matos, M. C., A. A. Matos, A. Mantas, V. Cordeiro, and J. B. V. Da Silva (1998) Diurnal and seasonal changes in Prunus amygdalus gas exchanges. Photosynthetica 35:517-524.
Munns, R., D.P. Schachtman, and A. G. Condon (1995) The significance of the two phase growth response to salinity in wheat and barely. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 22:561-569.
Partap, T., and P. Kapoor (1985a) The Himalayan grain chenopods. I. Distibution and ethnobotany. Agriculture Ecosystems Environments 14:185-199.
Partap, T., and P. Kapoor (1985b) The Himalayan grain chenopods. II. Comparative morphology. Agriculture Ecosystems Environments 14:201-220.
Partap, T., and P. Kapoor (1987) The Himalayan grain chenopods. III. An under-exploited food plant with promising potential. Agriculture Ecosystems Environments 19:71-79.
Partap, T., B. D. Joshi, and N. W. Galwey (1998) Chenopods. Chenopodium spp. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. 22. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Research Institute, Rome, Italy. 67 pp.
Ridge, L. (1991) Plant physiology. Keynes: Hodder and Stoughton. 372 pp.
Roper, T. R., and R.A. Kennedy (1986) Photosynthetic characteristics during leaf development in ‘Bing’ sweet cherry. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 111:938-941.
Risi, J., and N. W. Galwey (1984) The Chenopodium grains of the Andes: Inca crops for modern agriculture. Advances in Applied Biology 10:145-216.
Rohacek, K., and M. Bartak (1999) Technique of the modulated chlorophyll fluorescence: basic concepts, useful parameters, and some applications. Photosynthetica 37:339-363.
Ruales, J., and B. M. Nair (1992) Nutritional quality of protein in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) seeds. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 42:1-12.
Satoko, Y. (2003) Molecular regulation of leaf senescence. Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6:79-84.
Schlick, G., and D. L. Bubenheim (1996) Quinoa: candidate crop for NASA’s controlled ecological life support systems. p.632-640. In: J. Janick (ed.). Progress in new crops. ASHS press. Arlington. VA.
Sheriff, D. W., and J. P. Mattay (1995) Simultaneous effects of foliar nitrogen, temperature and humidity on gas exchange in Pinus radiata. Australina Journal of Plant Physiology 22:615-626.
Shigeru, M. (1988) Plant growth in relation to ontogenetic changes in productive characteristics of individual leaves. I. Growth and productive characteristics of Helianthus annuus and Zinnia elegans leaves. The Botanical Magazine 101: 443- 458.
Small, E. (1999) New crops for Canadian agriculture. p.15-52. In: J. Janick (ed.). Perspectives on new crops and new uses. ASHS Press. Alexandria. VA.
Smart, C. M., S. E. Hosken, H. Thomas, J. A. Greaves, B. G. Blair, and W. Schuch (1995) The timing of mazie leaf senescence and characterization of senescence-related cDNA. Physiologia Plantarum 93:673-682.
Strain, B. R., O. K. Higginbotham, and J. C. Mulory (1976) Temperature preconditioning and photosynthetic capacity of Pinus taeda L. Photosynthetica 10:47-53.
Teskey, R. O., and R. E. Will (1999) Acclimation of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings to high temperatures. Tree Physiology 19:519-525.
Tsonev T. D., and K. Hikosaka (2003) Contribution of photosynthetic electron transport, heat dissipation, and recovery of photoinactivated photosystem II to photoprotection at different temperatures in Chenopodium album leaves. Plant and Cell Physiology 44:825-835.
Xie, S. and X. Luo (2003) Effect of leaf position and age on anatomical structure, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration of Asian pear. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 44:297-303.
Yamada, M., T. Hidaka, and H. Fukamachi (1996) Heat tolerance in leaves of tropical fruit crops as measured by chlorophyll fluorescence. Scientia Horticulturae 67:39-48.
Yamasaki, T., T. Kudoh, Y. Kamimura, and S. Katoh (1996) A vertical gradient of the chloroplast abundance among leaves of Chenopodium album. Plant and Cell Physiology 37:43-48.
Yang, C. M., J. C. Hsu, and Y. R. Chen (1995) Light-sensitivity of chlorophyll formation in the leaves of Ficus microcarpa cv. Golden-leaves. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 36:215-221.
Yang, C. M., K. W. Chang, and M. H. Yin (1997) Influence of the soil characteristics on pigment degradation in Yuanyang Lake Nature Preserve. International long-term Ecological Research and Biodiversity Studies Conference. November 12-13, 1997. National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Yang, C. M., C. H. Chou, I. F. Chang, and S. J. Lin (2004) Effects of three allelopathic phenolics on chlorophyll accumulation of rice(Oryaz sativa) seedlings: Ⅱ. stimulation of consumption-orientation. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 45:119-125.
Zhang, S., T. C. Hennessey, and R. A. Heinemann (1997) Acclimation of loblolly pine (pinus taeda) foliage to light intensity as related to leaf nitrogen availability. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27:1032-1040.
Zotz, G. and K. Winter (1993) Short-term photosynthesis measurements predict leaf carbon balance in tropical rain-forest canopy plants. Planta 191:409-412.