臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究將人工溼地技術應用到魚塭循環水養殖中，利用溼地的自然淨水能力作為養殖廢水的淨化及管理單元，以維護魚塭養殖池水水質及降低養殖場排廢水的污染。本文主要探討了人工溼地對養殖水中主要汙染物的處理效能，及人工溼地的淨化能力對維持魚溫水質的影響。人工溼地是利用既有的漁塭整地後改造完成（105m2），由一個表面流動式（FWS，free water surface flow system）溼地與另一個表面下流動（SSF，subsurface flow system）溼地所組成，此人工溼地並與一個魚塭（1125m2）以管線及抽水機建構成循環水養殖系統；另外，設置一個無循環水處理的魚塭（1138m2）作為傳統魚溫養殖水質比較的控制組；兩處魚塭均飼養白蝦(Litopenaeus vannamei)。本研究進行了三個試程的養殖及水質淨化試驗，第一試程自93年7中旬至9月中旬，第二試程自94年1月初至94年5月底，第三試程自95年5月初至95年7月底。由水質監測結果得知，魚塭循環水經人工溼地處理後出流水均維持相當良好的水質，由進流水—出流水水質評估，三個試程其水力負荷分別為4.41、4.51及2.92 m/day，停留時間為4.57、4.77及7.37hr。在三個試程中，人工溼地對循環水養殖池廢水的各污染物水質濃度的去除效率在SS的污染物去除效率分別為78、54及59%，對濁度的削減效率分別為52、58及65%，對葉綠素a的去除效率分別為68、54及65%，在BOD5上分別為40、46及27%，及COD的去除效率分別為32、26及65％。再比較三個試程中控制組養殖池與循環水養殖池的水質分析結果，第一試程中SS水質濃度分別為22±14與21±14 mg/L，濁度分別為19.0±7.8和15.0±5.1NTU，葉綠素a分別為53.5±56.7和34.9±31.1μg/L，BOD5分別為6.1±2.1與5.6±1.6mg/L，及COD分別為53.5±25.8和42.8±13.5；第二試程中SS水質濃度分別為62±45與23±12 mg/L，濁度分別為29.8±10.2和16.5±6.1NTU，葉綠素a分別為56.1±53.2和18.9±11.2μg/L，BOD5分別為10.5±2.6與6.2±3.0mg/L，及COD分別為99.9±23.9和76.6±24.1；第三試程中SS水質濃度分別為60±16與37±10mg/L，濁度分別為34.6±13.5和18.3±12.4NTU，葉綠素a分別為76.0±49.6和37.6±24.1μg/L，BOD5分別為10.1±2.6與6.6±2.2mg/L，及COD分別為76.0±49.6和37.6±24.1 mg/L；可見循環水養殖池的水質顯著的(p<0.05)優於控制組養殖池的水質。在第三試程中白蝦生長情況在飼養100天時，在中控制組養殖池白蝦與循環水養殖池之白蝦在體長上分別為9.8及10.5cm，體重上分別為6.96及7.38g，可見在飼養上循環水養殖池成效優於控制組養殖池，期釵b未來採收上有更佳的收穫量。人工溼地建置成本上約每平方公尺需花費1540元，故本研究結果除顯示人工溼地可作為傳統魚塭養殖在水質控制及管理外，對於飼養物生長及產量也有所助益，為一種低成本之生態工法。

This study is to integrate constructed wetland, or treatment wetland, technology into the recirculating aquaculture, in which constructed wetland is used as a facility for aquaculture water treatment so as to control the water quality in fishpond and reduce pollutant level in the fishpond discharge. The constructed wetland (105m2) was built using part of an existing fishpond, and included a free water surface flow unit followed by a subsurface flow unit. A fishpond (1125m2) was connected with the treatment wetland to constitute a recirculating aquaculture system. Another fishpond (1138m2) without connection of treatment wetland was used as a control fishpond, in which traditional static aquaculture was carried out. This study investigated the performance of the constructed wetland in removing the major pollutants from the recirculating aquaculture water, and examined the effect of wetland treatment on water quality of the fishpond in the recirculating aquaculture system. Two aquaculture trials stocked with larvas of Pacific white shrimp was conducted. One trial was carried out from the middle July to the late September, 2004; Two trial was started from the first January, 2005 to the late May, 2005; Three trial was started from the first may, 2006 to the late July, 2006. Results of water monitoring of influent-effluent showed that constructed wetland effectively reduced TSS (54~78%), turbidity (52~65%), chlorophyll a (54~68%), BOD5 (27~46%) and COD （26~65%） from the recirculating aquaculture water. Water quality of recirculating fishpond were maintained at 21±14, 23±12 and 37±10 mg/L for TSS, 15.5±5.1, 16.5±6.1 and 18.3±12.4 NTU for turbidity, 34.9±31.1, 18.9±11.2 and 37.6±24.1μg/L for chlorophyll a , 5.6±1.6, 6.2±3.0 and 6.6±2.2 mg/L for BOD5, and 42.8±13.5, 76.6±24.1 and 37.6±24.1 for COD in trials 1 , 2 and 3, respectively. These levels of pollutants were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those in the control fishpond. Constructed wetland was demonstrated to be an efficient and low-cost ecological approach to management water quality and control pollution discharge in a fish farm.

中文摘要………………………………………………………...……………..Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………...………..Ⅲ
目錄…………………………………………………………………...………..Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………….…………...…………….Ⅷ
圖目錄………………………………………………..…………………...……IX
符號定義……………………………………………………………………..…V
第一章 前言………………………………………………………...…………1
1.1 研究動機…………………………………………………………...……….1
1.2 研究方向………………..…...………………….………………….……….1
1.3 研究架構………………..…...….…….……….….…….…….…………….3
第二章 文獻回顧………………………...……………………………………5
2.1 人工溼地生態工法技術…………………………………………………….5
2.1.1 人工溼地的定義………………………………………………… 5
2.1.2 人工溼地的類型…………………………………………………6
2.1.3 污染物的去除…………………………………………………….10
2.2 廢水管理水產養殖之永續發展的重要性…………….……………..……14
2.3 水質的管理對水產養殖生產的重要性……………….…………..………17
2.4 國內外養殖水及廢水處理技術的發展現況………….…………..………17
2.4.1 物理處理………………………...………….………………….…17
2.4.2 生物處理…………………………………….…………....………17
2.4.3 殺菌消毒……………………………………….…………………17
2.4.4 電子電凝機……………………………...…….………….………17
2.4.5 商業化整體成型的養殖機器…………………………….………17
2.5 國內外「水產養殖廢水之人工溼地處理」研究發展現況………..……19
第三章 研究設備與方法……………………………………….......………..21
3.1 循環水養殖系統……………………………………..….......…….……….21
3.2 循環水養殖系統之建構………………………………….....…….……….26
3.2.1現有陸地施工…………….…………………….....……….…….26
3.2.2既有魚塭施工……………….………………….....…….……….26
3.3 循環水養殖系統操作………..……………………..……………………...36
3.4 水質分析……………………….……………..…..……....………………..37
3.4.1儀器設備……...…….……….…….……………………………..37
3.4.2分析方法…………….………...….………….………..…………38
3.5白蝦生長分析……………………..……...….…………………..…………38
3.6統計分析……………………...….…………….……………..…………….38
第四章 結果與討論………………...………………………………………..40
4.1 水力操作條件.…………………………….…………….…………………40
4.2 水質分析探討.……………………….………………….…………………43
4.2.1 SS去除…………………….………………………..…………….43
4.2.2 濁度去除…………….…………………....………………………46
4.2.3 葉綠素a去除………………...……………. ……………………48
4.2.4 BOD5去除…………….……....…………………. ………………50
4.2.5 COD去除……………........................................................………52
4.2.6 磷的去除…………….………...……………….…………………54
4.2.7 氮的去除…………………………………..….……..……………56
4.2.8 浮游性生物的變化………………….……………………………56
4.3效能評估探討………………...……………………………………………58
4.3.1 去除速率常數（k）….….......….…….……….…………………58
4.3.2 污染負荷與出流濃度及去除效率之關係…….......…..…………58
4.4 白蝦生長討論………………………………………………...……………66
4.5 成本討論…………………………………………...................……………70
4.5.1 循環養殖成本…...……………………………………..…………70
4.5.2 操作成本………...………………………………………..………70
4.6系統維護及遭遇的問題……………………….……….…………..………72
4.6.1系統維護………………….………....…………………..…….…72
4.6.2遭遇問題……………….….……………………………..………72
4.7養殖農場排廢水管理之探討………………………….…………..………76
第五章 結論與建議……………………………………..……...……………79
5.1 結論…………..……...………………………………………………..……79
5.2 建議…………..……...……………………….…………………….………80
參考文獻……………………………………………………..…………...……81









表目錄
表3.1三個試程平均參數值…………………………………………………36
表3.2水樣分析項目及方法…………………………………………………39
表4.1 第一、二及第三試程三個試程主要污染物去除水質分析之比較……45
表4.2 人工溼地操作結果與養殖池水質分析………………………………55
表4.3各單元浮游植物細胞數………………………………………………57
表4.4三試程之各參數去除速率k值…………………………………………58
表4.5白蝦體長、重量與天數之關係…………………………………………67
表4.6循環養殖設置成本……………………………………………………71
表4.7 三試程中符合排放標準比率………………………………………78














圖目錄
圖1.1 研究架構…………………………………………………………………4
圖2.1 表面自由流動式系統(FWS) ……………………………………………8
圖2.2表面下流動式系統(SSF) ………………………………………………8
圖2.3 水平流動型SSF系統示意圖……………………………………………9
圖2.4 垂直流動型SSF系統示意圖……………………………………………9
圖3.1「漁塭—人工溼地循環水示範系統」的配置圖………………………23
圖3.2「漁塭—人工溼地循環水示範系統」的施工及操作過程相片………24
圖3.3人工溼地剖面圖………………………………………………………25
圖3.4原有之魚塭風貌………………………………………………………27
圖3.5大型機具翻土及築堤…………………………………………………27
圖3.6土堤及各單元槽體之雛型……………………………………………28
圖3.7抽水機之陳設…………………………………………………………30
圖3.8養殖池之溢流管………………………………………………………30
圖3.9 FWS與SSF 間溢流管之架設…………………………………………31
圖3.10 SSF出流管之管路架設………………………………………………31
圖3.11 FWS之護坡架構………………………………………………………33
圖3.12 FWS溼地礫石蚵殼鋪設………………………………………………33
圖3.13 FWS溼地之植栽………………………………………………………34
圖3.14 SSF溼地之植栽………………………………………………………34
圖3.15記錄用流量計…………………………………………………………35
圖3.16電表及時間控制器……………………………………………………35
圖4.1第一及第二試程流量變化……………………………………………42
圖4.2第三試程流量變化……………………………………………………42
圖4.3第一及第二兩試程操作期間SS之水質變化…………………………44
圖4.4第三試程操作期間SS之水質變化……………………………………44
圖4.5第一及第二兩試程操作期間濁度之水質變化………………………47
圖4.6第三試程操作期間濁度之水質變化…………………………………47
圖4.7第二兩試程操作期間葉綠素a之水質變化……………………………49
圖4.8第三試程操作期間葉綠素a之水質變化………………………………49
圖4.9第二兩試程操作期間BOD之水質變化………………………………51
圖4.10第三試程操作期間BOD之水質變化…………………………………51
圖4.11第一及第二兩試程操作期間COD之水質變化………………………53
圖4.12第三試程操作期間COD之水質變化…………………………………53
圖4.13懸浮固體物污染負荷與出流濃度關係………………………………59
圖4.14懸浮固體物污染負荷與去除速率之關係……………………………59
圖4.15生化需氧量污染負荷與出流濃度關係………………………………61
圖4.16生化需氧量污染負荷與去除速率之關係……………………………61
圖4.17化學需氧量污染負荷與出流濃度關係………………………………62
圖4.18化學需氧量污染負荷與去除速率之關係……………………………62
圖4.19總磷污染負荷與出流濃度關係………………………………………64
圖4.20總磷污染負荷與去除速率之關係……………………………………64
圖4.21總氮污染負荷與出流濃度關係………………………………………65
圖4.22總氮污染負荷與去除速率之關係……………………………………65
圖4.23第三試程白蝦飼養天數對體長之關係圖……………………………68
圖4.24第三試程白蝦飼養天數對體重之關係圖…………………………68
圖4.25白蝦觸鬚呈紅色狀態…………………………………………………69
圖4.26 土堤崩塌………………………………………………………………74
圖4.27布袋蓮葉片炮嚏K……………………………………………………74
圖4.28 SSF阻塞問題…………………………………………………………75
圖4.29淹水問題………………………………………………………………75





符號定義
V：系統有效水體積，m3
L：系統長，m
W：系統寬，m
Hw：系統有效水深，m
ε：系統孔隙率
Q：系統進流流量，ml/s
HRT：實驗所需之水力停留時間，d
HLR：水力負荷率，m3/m2/d
A：系統面積，m2
Ci：進流濃度，mg/L
E：去除率，%
Ce：出流濃度，mg/L

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