臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

地下水污染場址之常見的污染物之一為揮發性有機化合物（Volatile organic compound, VOC），如苯類、三氯乙烯等。這些污染物之特性為密度高且水溶性低，當污染物進入地下水層將累積於不透水層，並且污染範圍逐漸擴大，也造成整治困難。尤其是疏水性之環狀含氯有機物，容易吸附在土壤中並緩慢脫附而形成一長期之污染源，對地下水之水質造成長期之危害。
近年來在地下整治技術中，由於考量到能源消耗、整治成本及技術門檻等問題，許多學者專家開始研究利用生態工程（Ecological Engineering）中之水質自然淨化技術來整治土壤及地下水污染場址廢水。其中人工濕地（constructed wetland）是仿效自然濕地的淨化及生態保育的功能，應用自然淨化機制來處理污水，亦即將生態工程技術應用在污水或廢水的管理及處理上的一種自然淨化程序。相較於傳統污水處理技術，人工濕地具有節省能資源、成本廉、無二次污染、操作維護簡便等優點。
在表面下流動式濕地系統（SSF）中，溫度為影響有機污染物處理效率之重要因素，為瞭解溫度對在不同介質SSF濕地處理效率之影響，本研究針對SSF濕地系統中之主要污染物：順-1,2-二氯乙烯進行分析。除本研究之數據外，並納入過去一年本濕地系統之數據（陳明華, 2012），時間自100年7月5日至101年8月6日，每座濕地系統共計有28點數據。
順-1,2-二氯乙烯進流濃度最高為3.31 mg/L，最低為0.696 mg/L。秋冬季（9月至隔年2月）之濃度普遍較春夏季（3月至8月）高。
順-1,2-二氯乙烯在填充天然礫石SSF溼地系統中，出流濃度最高為2.45mg/L，最低為0.185 mg/L。去除效率最高為88.2%，最低為 -2.7%，採樣期間之平均去除效率為51.6%。比較各月份之去除效率，以8月份之平均去除效率最高，達88.2%，11月份之平均去除效率最低，僅27.0%。
順-1,2-二氯乙烯在填充廢棄水泥塊SSF溼地系統中，出流濃度最高為1.92 mg/L，最低為0.239mg/L。去除效率最高為89.7%，最低為 -7.5%，採樣期間之平均去除效率為59.9%。比較各月份之去除效率，以8月份之平均去除效率最高，達89.7%，1月份之平均去除效率最低，僅21.6%。
順-1,2-二氯乙烯在填充拉西環SSF溼地系統中，出流濃度最高為2.95 mg/L，最低為0.260mg/L。去除效率最高為78.8%，最低為-65.9%，採樣期間之平均去除效率為31.3%。比較各月份之去除效率，以8月份之平均去除效率最高，達78.8%，1月份之平均去除效率最低，僅-15.1%。
比較三座人工濕地系統在20℃時之反應速率常數（K20），以填充廢棄水泥塊之SSF濕地系統最高，對順-1,2-二氯乙烯之處理效果為三者最佳，其次為填充天然礫石之SSF濕地系統。填充拉西環之SSF濕地系統在20℃時之反應速率常數僅0.04，為三者最低，對順-1,2-二氯乙烯之去除效率為三者最差。

One of the common contaminants is volatile organic compound, such as benzene, trichlorethylene, etc. The characteristics of these contaminants are high density and low water-solubility. Contaminants will accumulate in impermeable layer after entering groundwater. The expansion of pollution results in the difficulty of remediation. The contaminants, especially for the hydrophobic cyclic chlorinated organics, will be adsorbed to soil, and then desorbed slowly to form a long-term pollution source.
Recently, because of the consideration in energy consumption, remediation cost and technical thresholds, lots of studies focus on soil and groundwater redemdiation by ecological engineering. Constructed wetlandsare ecological engineering mechanisms applied in wastewater treatment, which simulate the purification and ecological conservation of natural wetlands. Compared to conventaional wastewater treatment technology, constructed wetlands have several advantages: energy and resource saving, lower cost, no secdondary pollution, convenience of operation and maintenance, etc.
In a subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetland, temperature plays an important role on the removal efficiency of organic pollutants. In order to understand the effect of temperature on different SSF constructed wetlands, the major contaminant, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, is analyzed in this study. Besides the data obtained from this study, the data from the past year were also included. The duration is from July 5th, 2011 to August 6th, 2012, and 28 points of data were obtained for each SSF constructed wetland.
During the period, the highest concentration of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in influent is 3.31 mg/L, the lowest is 0.696 mg/L. Generally, the concentration of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene is higher in fall and winter (from September to next February) than that in spring and summer (from March to August).
In the SSF constructed wetland filled with natural gravels, the highest concentration of effluent is 2.45 mg/L, and the lowest is 0.185 mg/L. The highest removal efficiency is 88.2%, and the lowest is -2.7%. The average removal efficiency is 51.6%. Comparing the removal efficiencies among each month, the highest is in August (88.2%), and the lowest is in November (27.0%).
In the SSF constructed wetland filled with recycled concrete debris, the highest concentration of effluent is 1.92 mg/L, and the lowest is 0.239 mg/L. The highest removal efficiency is 89.7%, and the lowest is -7.5%. The average removal efficiency is 59.9%. Comparing the removal efficiencies among each month, the highest is in August (89.7%), and the lowest is in January (21.6%).
In the SSF constructed wetland filled with raschig rings, the highest concentration of effluent is 2.95 mg/L, and the lowest is 0.260 mg/L. The highest removal efficiency is 78.8%, and the lowest is -65.9%. The average removal efficiency is 31.3%. Comparing the removal efficiencies among each month, the highest is in August (78.8%), and the lowest is in January (-15.1%).
The reaction rate constant at 20℃(k20) of the SSF constructed wetland filled with recycled concrete debris is highest among three wetlands, following by the wetland filled with natural gravels and raschig rings. The higher k20 indicates the better removal efficiency to cis-1,2-dichloroethylene.

目錄

致謝 Ⅰ
摘要 Ⅱ
Abstract Ⅴ
目錄 Ⅷ
圖目錄 Ⅹ
表目錄 ⅩⅡ
第一章　前言 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 3
第二章　文獻回顧 4
2.1 地下水污染 4
2.1.1 地下水污染 4
2.1.2 地下水污染物種類 8
2.1.3 含氯有機化合物 17
2.2 人工濕地 25
2.2.1 人工濕地之種類及構造 27
2.2.2 人工濕地淨化機制與功能 35
2.2.3 人工濕地之應用實例 40
第三章　研究材料與方法 42
3.1 概述 42
3.2 研究場址 42
3.3 試驗規模人工濕地系統 43
3.3.1 處理單元配置 43
3.3.2 填充介質 45
3.3.3 濕地種植植物 46
3.3.4 系統操控方法 47
3.3.5 試驗條件 48
3.4 採樣與分析 49
3.4.1 環境監測與水樣採集 49
3.4.2 水樣保存與檢送分析 55
3.4.3 水質監測與分析方法 58
3.5 人工溼地處理系統淨化效能之評估 60
第四章　結果與討論 63
4.1 本研究場址地下水特性 63
4.2 試驗期間SSF人工濕地環境監測情形 66
4.2.1 連續監測SSF人工濕地系統水溫變化趨勢 66
4.2.2 連續監測SSF人工濕地系統氫離子濃度變化趨勢 67
4.2.3 連續監測SSF人工濕地系統導電度變化趨勢 68
4.2.4 連續監測SSF人工濕地系統溶氧變化趨勢 70
4.2.5 連續監測SSF人工濕地系統氧化還原電位變化趨勢 71
4.3 以SSF人工濕地處理含揮發性有機物地下水進出流濃度變化 73
4.3.1 順1,2-二氯乙烯於SSF人工濕地模場進出流濃度的變化 73
4.3.2 甲苯於SSF人工濕地模場進出流濃度的變化 76
4.4 於SSF人工濕地中不同水力停留時間揮發性有機物濃度變化 78
4.4.1 順1,2-二氯乙烯於SSF人工濕地模場各水力停留時間濃度的變化 78
4.4.2 甲苯於SSF人工濕地模場各水力停留時間濃度的變化 84
4.5 SSF人工濕地系統處理效益評估 90
4.5.1 天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統去除效益 90
4.5.2 廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統去除效益 91
4.5.3 人造濾材─拉西環SSF人工濕地系統去除效益 92
4.6 不同濕地系統之溫度校正係數 95
4.7 綜合討論 101
第五章　結論與建議 107
第六章　參考文獻 109



 
圖目錄
圖 2 1 各類地表污源滲入地下含水層示意圖 7
圖 2 2LNAPL污染示意圖 10
圖 2 3 DNAPL污染示意圖 12
圖 2 4 DNAPL入滲至通氣層 14
圖 2 5 DNAPL入滲至通氣層及含水層 14
圖 2 6 DNAPL入滲至低滲透性地層形成污染池 15
圖 2 7 DNAPL入滲至混合形地層 16
圖 2 8 DNAPL入滲至岩石或黏土層之裂縫 16
圖 2 9含氯烯類有機物降解過程與產物 24
圖 2 10自由表面流濕地系統示意圖 29
圖 2 11表層下流動濕地系統示意圖 32
圖 3 1 本研究人工濕地系統平面圖 43
圖 4 1研究期間連續監測SSF人工濕地系統水溫變化趨勢圖 67
圖 4 2研究期間連續監測SSF人工濕地系統pH變化趨勢圖 68
圖 4 3研究期間連續監測SSF人工濕地系統導電度變化趨勢圖 69
圖 4 4研究期間連續監測SSF人工濕地系統溶氧變化趨勢圖 71
圖 4 5研究期間連續監測SSF人工濕地系統氧化還原電位變化趨勢圖 72
圖 4 6研究期間連續監測順-1,2-二氯乙烯於SSF人工濕地系統中進出流濃度變化圖 75
圖 4 7研究期間連續監測甲苯於SSF人工濕地系統中進出流濃度變化圖 77
圖 4 8順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 79
圖 4 9順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 81
圖 4 10順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充拉西環SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 83
圖 4 11甲苯於填充天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 85
圖 4 12甲苯於填充廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 86
圖 4 13甲苯於填充拉西環SSF人工濕地系統中不同水力停留時間的濃度變化圖 88
圖 4 14順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統中進出流濃度及去除效率變化圖 96
圖 4 15順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統進出流濃度及去除效率變化圖 96
圖 4 16順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充拉西環SSF人工濕地系統中進出流濃度及去除效率變化圖 97
圖 4 17順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統中去除速率常數（KT）與溼地溫度的關係圖 99
圖 4 18順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統中去除速率常數（KT）與溼地溫度的關係圖 99
圖 4 19順1,2-二氯乙烯於填充拉西環SSF人工濕地系統中去除速率常數（KT）與溼地溫度的關係圖 100

 
表目錄
表2 1 可能造成土壤地下水污之工廠行為特性 5
表 2 2 常見含氯有機化合物 18
表 2 3 含氯有機化合物生物分解所須之程序及條件 22
表 2 4 含氯有機化合物之反應 23
表 2 5人工濕地去除污染物之主要機制 39
表 3 1 本研究三座 SSF 濕地有效體積 46
表 3 2 本研究三座 SSF 濕地水力控制參數 49
表 3 3 地下水中揮發性有機物管制標準 54
表 3 4 本研究所使用儀器一覽 55
表 3 5 水質分析各待測項目所需體積、保存方法與保存期限 57
表 3 6 現地量測之水質各待測項目及其標準方法 58
表 3 7 揮發性有機污染物21種管制項目及其分析方法與偵測極限 59
表 4 1 污染場址水質基本資料 63
表 4 2 污染場址水質污染程度及管制標準 64
表4 3順1,2-二氯乙烯於SSF人工濕地之去除效率常數（KT） …..84
表4 4甲苯於SSF人工濕地之去除效率常數（KT） 89
表 4 5含氯有機物於填充天然礫石SSF人工濕地系統之去除效率 91
表 4 6含氯有機物於填充廢棄水泥塊SSF人工濕地系統之去除效率 92
表 4 7含氯有機物於填充拉西環SSF人工濕地系統之去除效率 93
表 4 8不同介質之SSF人工濕地之溫度系統校正係數及200C時之反應速率 100

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