臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

電離層是GPS測量中最大的誤差來源之一。傳統改正電離層誤差最有效的方法，是利用雙頻無電離層組合來消除電離層一階項誤差，而二階項誤差雖然無法一併被消除，但因為它的量級在大部分情況下會在公分以內，因此一般會將它忽略。然而在電離層高活動期間，全電子含量(Total Electron Content, TEC)會大幅增加，二階項誤差的量級也會達到好幾公分，為了避免因二階項誤差造成定位的錯誤，此時就應該把二階項的影響也考慮進去。GPS現代化之後將提供三頻觀測量，因此未來我們將可以利用三頻無電離層組合來消除二階項誤差。本研究模擬了15條長基線的現代化GPS觀測量，評估在電離層高活動期間二階項誤差對於定位精度之影響；此外也分別利用三頻無電離層組合以及根據二次差TEC作為門檻值來搭配使用雙頻和三頻組合這兩種方法做計算，並評估它們的計算效益。研究結果顯示，二階項誤差對於定位誤差之影響可達到1~2公分；使用三頻無電離層組合雖然可消除二階項，但因為受到雜訊過大的影響，只有少數基線有明顯改善；而雙頻和三頻組合搭配使用後，因為發揮了各自的優點，約有2/3的基線計算成果因而明顯變好。

The ionosphere is one of the biggest error sources in GPS positioning. Traditionally, one can eliminate the first-order ionospheric errors by forming the dual-frequency ionosphere-free combination, and ignore the residual second-order terms since their magnitude is below one centimeter in most cases. However, during high ionospheric activity periods, the ionospheric TEC will become very high and the second-order terms could reach several centimeters. It is therefore needed to correct for these terms in order to avoid large positioning errors during these periods. Since the L5 frequency will be added to modernized GPS, one can eliminate the second-order ionospheric errors by forming the triple-frequency ionosphere-free combination. However, since the noise level of the triple-frequency combination is very large, in this study we propose a new method which integrates the dual- and triple-frequency ionosphere-free combinations. We first simulated modernized GPS observations for 15 long baselines during active ionospheric periods to assess the effect of second-order terms on baseline positioning accuracy. Then we compared long baseline computation performances of using the traditional dual-frequency combination, the triple-frequency combination, and the integrated approach. The results show that due to the second-order terms, the positioning error can reach 1~2 cm when using the traditional dual-frequency method. Although the triple-frequency method can eliminate the second-order terms, its positioning accuracy is significantly affected by large measurement noises. The integrated approach, which combines both advantages, therefore provides the best positioning results.

中文摘要 I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
表目錄 VI
圖目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.3 研究動機與目的 3
1.4 研究方法 4
1.5 論文架構 5
第二章 GPS基本定位原理與現代化 7
2.1 GPS基本定位原理 7
2.1.1 GPS觀測量 7
2.1.2 GPS誤差來源 8
2.1.2.1和衛星有關的誤差 8
2.1.2.2和訊號傳播有關的誤差 10
2.1.2.3和接收儀有關的誤差 12
2.1.3 GPS定位方法 13
2.1.3.1 絕對定位 13
2.1.3.2 相對定位 13
2.2 GPS現代化 14
第三章 電離層概論 18
3.1 電離層簡介 18
3.2 電離層結構 18
3.3 電離層的變化特性 20
3.3.1 隨地理位置變化 20
3.3.2 隨時間及太陽周期變化 23
3.3.3 特殊現象 25
3.4 電離層對GPS訊號之影響 30
第四章 現代化GPS長基線相對定位演算法 35
4.1 無電離層線性組合 35
4.1.1 雙頻無電離層線性組合 36
4.1.2 三頻無電離層線性組合 38
4.1.3 雙頻搭配三頻無電離層線性組合 40
4.2 相位-電碼觀測量線性組合 43
4.3 對流層參數 44
4.4 基線計算模型 45
4.4.1 函數模型 45
4.4.2 隨機模型 47
4.5 最小二乘平差計算 48
4.6 整數週波值求解策略 49
第五章 實驗方法與結果 52
5.1 模擬現代化GPS觀測量 52
5.1.1 衛星星群模擬 53
5.1.2 系統誤差模擬 56
5.1.2.1 電離層誤差模擬 57
5.1.2.2 對流層誤差模擬 62
5.2 實驗設計 64
5.3 實驗結果與分析 72
第六章 結論與建議 80
參考文獻 82

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