臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

可逆式資訊隱藏可將偽裝影像無失真的還原，因此可逆式資訊隱藏法可用於軍事、醫療、犯罪偵查等高敏感度的影像。可逆式資訊隱藏雖具有較高的影像品質，然而機密訊息的藏入量較低。典型的可逆式資訊隱藏技術可分為差異擴張或是直方圖位移修正法，但在2013年Li等學者提出像素排序法(PVO)其方法簡易且平均影像品質具有52dB之高，與差異擴張或是直方圖位移修正法相較下，像素排序法擁有較高的影像品質，但是藏入量卻較為低。因此為了改良PVO方法藏量不彰，本研究提出不受區塊束縛以及參考像素值束縛的廣義化像素排序法(GePVO)。GePVO方法利用參考像素值往最大像素值或是最小像素值方向逐一進行像素值預測，以促使預測誤差值增加而能有更多的藏入量。廣義化的像素排序法可依參考像素位置不同以及不同的區塊大小而讓原始PVO方法藏入量提升。本實驗中以 12張影像進行實驗，當參考像素位置在區塊的邊界，藏量平均可達70,346位元，其中以Airplane影像具有最高的藏入，與PVO方法藏入量的約3倍，且平均影像品質為40.24dB。然而，當參考像素值為中間像素值時，其藏入量比原始PVO高出1.8倍且平均影像品質可高達48.09dB。可見，本研究提出廣義化的PVO方法(GePVO)，具有高負載容量及高影像品質的特性使得GePVO可順應各種應用的可調性。

Stego image can be recover to original state by reversible data hiding technology which applicable to military, medical, high-crime investigation and sensitivity images. Reversible data hiding with higher image quality but embedded capacity is lower. The classic of reversible data hiding are two main categories. Histogram shifting and modification and difference expansion. In 2013 Li et al. proposed pixel value ordering method which is easy to use and the stego image quality could be 52dB high. Compare with histogram shifting and modification and difference expansion, pixel value ordering method with the highest stego image quality. But most of reversible data hiding method with lower embedding capacity. This research propos a general pixel value ordering (GePVO) method which is unshackle of block size and reference pixel to preduce. GePVO uses reference pixel to the maximum pixel and minimum pixel to predict each pixel. With more prediction error could increase more embedding possibility. General pixel value ordering method in difference reference pixel and difference block size could make difference result of embedding capacity which is higher than original pixel value ordering method. In this research we use 12 image for experiment. The embedding capacity 70,346bit on average when reference pixel in the bound of block. The embedding capacity is higher than PVO method 3 times on average and the image quality maintain in 40.24dB on average. However the embedding capacity is higher than PVO method 1.8 times on average when the reference pixel in the middle of the block. The image quality maintain 48.09dB on average. In this research propos a general pixel value ordering method (GePVO) which has high embedding capacity and high image quality to improve GePVO with more adaptive and adjustable.

中文摘要 I
英文摘要 III
致謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 XI
圖目錄 X

第一章緒論 1
1.1研究背景與動機 1
1.2研究目的 10
1.3論文架構 11

第二章文獻探討 12
2.1符號定義 12
2.2 Li等學者的像素排序法(PVO) 15
2.3 Peng等學者提出的像素排序法(IPVO) 24
2.4 Qu等學者所提出的像素排序法(PVO-K) 34
2.5 Qu等學者所提出的像素排序法(PPVO) 41
2.6 Wang等學者所提出的像素排序法 49
2.7 各項素排序法之比較 58

第三章廣義化的像素排序法(GePVO) 61
3.1方法介紹與藏入步驟 61
3.2 GePVO藏入機密訊息程序 64
3.3取出機密訊息與還原程序 67
3.4 Two Way GePVO範例說明 71
3.5 Round Way GePVO範例表現 77
3.6額外訊息與溢位問題處理 82

第四章實驗結果分析與討論 84
4.1實驗環境與評定準則 84
4.2實驗影像分析 87
4.3 One Way GePVO藏入法 90
4.4 Two Way GePVO藏入法 92
4.5 Round Way GePVO藏入法 99
4.6 溢位問題處理與多階層藏入實驗結果 108
4.7 GePVO與相關的PVO方法的實驗比較 115

第五章結論與未來展望 119
5.1結論 119
5.2未來展望 121

參考文獻 122
 
表目錄
表2-1 不同的PVO方法的藏入量以及影像品質比較 60
表4-1 One Way GePVO藏入法實驗呈現(block size =1×5) 90
表4-2 Two Way GePVO藏入法實驗呈現(block size=1×5) 93
表4-3 Two Way GePVO 影像品質比較 94
表4-4 Two Way GePVO 藏入量比較 95
表4-5 Round Way GePVO藏入實驗呈現(block size=1×5) 100
表4-6 Round Way GePVO影像品質比較 102
表4-7 Round Way GePVO藏入量比較 103
表4-8影像的最大像素值與最小像素值 112
表4-9 Two Way GePVO藏入法 2×2區塊位置地圖處理 112
表4-10 Round Way GePVO藏入法2×2區塊位置地圖處理 113
表4-11 Two Way GePVO 2×2區塊多階層藏入於Livingroom影像 113
表4-12 Round Way GePVO 2×2區塊多階層藏入於Livingroom影像 113
表4-13 Li等學者方法以2×2區塊Livingroom影像進行多階層藏入 114
表4-14不同像素排序法方法藏量與影像品質比較表 117

圖目錄
圖1-1研究架構圖 11
圖2-1 PVO掩護影像I 23
圖2-2 PVO偽裝影像I' 23
圖2-3 PVO藏入與取出流程圖 23
圖2-4 IPVO掩護影像I 32
圖2-5 IPVO偽裝影像I’ 32
圖2-6 IPVO藏入與取出之流程 32
圖2-7 PVO-K掩護影像I 40
圖2-8 PVO-K偽裝影像I’ 40
圖2-9 PVO-K藏入與取出之流程圖 40
圖2-10 PPVO掩護影像I 48
圖2-11 PPVO偽裝影像I’ 48
圖2-12 Wang等學者之範例掩護影像I 57
圖2-13 Wang等學者之範例偽裝影像I’ 57
圖3-1範例之掩護影像 74
圖3-2排序過後的區塊 74
圖3-3所有預測誤差值 74
圖3-4藏入機密訊息後的預測誤差值 74
圖3-5偽裝像素值 74
圖3-6偽裝影像 74
圖3-7 取得正向預測誤差值 78
圖3-8 取得負向預測誤差值 78
圖3-9 偽裝區塊 78
圖3-10 GePVO方法流程圖 82
圖4-1實驗測試影像 86
圖4-2 平滑影像之標準差直方圖統計 88
圖4-3 一般影像之標準差直方圖統計 89
圖4-4 複雜影像之標準差直方圖統計 89
圖4-5 Two Way GePVO各類型影像PSNR比較 96
圖4-6 Two Way GePVO各類型影像(in bits)藏入量比較 97
圖4-7 Two Way GePVO各類型影像(in bpp)藏入量比較 98
圖4-8 Round Way GePVO各類型影像PSNR比較 104
圖4-9 Round Way GePVO各類型影像(in bits)藏入量比較 105
圖4-10 Round Way GePVO各類型影像(in bpp)藏入量比較 106
圖4-11以2×2區塊切割Livingroom影像之多階層藏入比較之曲線圖 114
圖4-12與不同的PVO方法藏入量比較曲線圖 118
圖4-13與不同的PVO方法影像品質比較曲線圖 118

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