臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究以試驗規模之人工溼地系統（Constructed Wetland system）直接處理污染性河水
（二仁溪），探討人工溼地系統對氨氮與磷酸鹽之去除效能及動力學行為。此溼地實驗系
統設立於台南縣與高雄縣交界之二仁溪畔，於1997年3月操作至今（2003年3月），主要包
括自由表面流動式系統（FWS）與表面下流動式系統（SSF）。在研究試驗操作期間，為了
探討不同操作模式（系統串聯與並聯），大致分為三個試程：（一）1997年3月至1999年1
月（串聯式）（二）1999年3月至2000年11月（串聯式）（三）2001年11月至2003年1月（
並聯式）。串聯系統（CW）中之氨氮總平均去除效率為63±25 %；並聯系統FWS與SSF系統
中氨氮總平均去除效率分別為80±19 %、68±20 %。串聯系統（CW）中之磷酸鹽總平均去
除效率為55±21 %；並聯系統FWS與SSF系統中磷酸鹽總平均去除效率分別為62±24 %、74
±26 %。試程三分成二個不同水力負荷階段，第一階段以固定水力負荷0.036、0.038 m3/
m2/d（總水力停留時間4天），連續入流操作於FWS、SSF系統，試程期間自2001年12月至
2002年6月；第二階段試程期間為自2002年8月至2003年1月，以固定水力負荷0.072、0.
075 m3/m2/d（總水力停留時間2 天），連續入流操作於FWS、SSF系統。在同一時間與污染
負荷下，對於氨氮去除速率之快慢由數據上顯示，SSF系統（0.10~0.60 g N/m2/d）稍稍優
於FWS系統（0.10~0.40 g N/m2/d）。另外，同一時間與污染負荷下，SSF系統（0.01~0.
20 g P/m2/d）與FWS系統（0.01~0.20 g P/m2/d）對於磷酸鹽去除速率之快慢由數據顯示
出之差異不大；研究期間所求得氨氮之溫度校正係數（θ）於CW、FWS、SSF系統中分別為
1.005、1.091、0.875；磷酸鹽θ值於CW、FWS、SSF系統中分別為0.946、1.074、1.040，
顯示出FWS系統受溫度影響較SSF系統大。

This study was using a constructed wetland (CW) system directly treating
polluted river water from Erh-Ren River. The main goal of this research is a
study of the kinetic behavior of the CW in removing ammonia nitrogen and
orthophosphate in order to obtain related treatment models and parameters. The
CW is built at the bank of Erh-Ren River, including a free water surface flow (
FWS) system and a subsurface flow (SSF) system from March 1997 to March 2003.
During the research period, three strategies were used in order to study
different operating (in series and parallel connection). Strategy 1: between
March 1997 and January 1999 (in series); Strategy 2: between March 1999 and
November 2000 (in series); Strategy 3: between November 2001 and January 2003 (
in parallel). Ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency in CW system is 63±25 %;
FWS and SSF system is 80±19 % and 68±20 %, respectively. Orth phosphate in
CW system is 55±21 %; FWS and SSF system is 62±24 % and 74±26 %,
respectively. Strategy 3 have two different hydraulic loading rate. Between
December 2001 and June 2002, the hydraulic loading rate was retained at 0.036
and 0.038 m3/m2/d (HRT=4day) in FWS and SSF system, respectively. Between
August 2002 and Januar 2003, the hydraulic loading rate was retained at 0.072
and 0.075 m3/m2/d (HRT=2day) in FWS and SSF system, respectively. Ammonia
nitrogen removal rate in SSF (0.10~0.60 g N/m2/d) batter than FWS (0.10~0.40 g
N/m2/d) system; orthophosphate removal rate is similar in SSF (0.01~0.20 g P/
m2/d) and FWS system (0.01~0.20 g P/m2/d). The temperature correction factor (
θ) of ammonia nitrogen in CW, FWS and SSF system are 1.005, 1.091 and 0.875,
respectively; The θ of orthophosphate in CW, FWS and SSF system are 0.946, 1.
074 and 1.040, respectively. Effect of the temperature on FWS was more than
SSF system.

中文摘要………………………………………………………...……………..Ⅰ
英文摘要……………………………………………………………...………..Ⅱ
目錄…………………………………………………………………...………..Ⅲ
表目錄…………………………………………………………...……………..Ⅴ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………………...……..Ⅵ
符號定義……………………………………………………...…………..……Ⅷ
第一章　前言………………………………………………………...…………1
1.1 研究動機…………………………………………………………...……….1
1.2 研究方向…………………...……………………………………………….1
第二章　文獻回顧………………………...……………………………………4
2.1溼地……………………………………………...…………………………..4
2.1.1溼地的定義……………………………………...……………………4
2.1.2溼地的弁遄K…………………………………………...……………9
2.1.3溼地水生植物的根區效應…………...……………………………..14
2.1.4溼地的分類…………………………………...…………………..…16
2.2自然處理系統……………………………………………...……………….19
2.3人工溼地…………………………………...……………………………….22
2.3.1人工溼地的種類…………………………...………………………..22
2.3.2污染物質在人工溼地系統中的傳輸機制………...………………..28
2.3.3人工溼地系統的優缺點及其他弁遄K…………………...………..40
2.3.4國際上案例介紹…………………………...……………………..…44
第三章　研究設備與方法………………………………………...…………..50
3.1概述……………………………………………………………...………….50
3.2二仁溪人工溼地處理系統之建立………...……………………………….50
3.3植物種類………………………...………………………………………….60
3.4介質特性………………………………...………………………………….60
3.5實驗系統操作方法………………………………………...……………….60
3.6實驗條件………………………………………...………………………….61
3.7採樣與分析……………………………………...………………………….63
3.7.1採樣與監測………...………………….. .…………………………..63
3.7.2儀器設備……………………………………...……………………..63
3.7.3水樣保存……………………………………………...……………..64
3.7.4分析方法……………………………………………………..……...66
第四章　結果與討論………………...………………………………………..70
4.1水質變化…………………………...……………………………………….71
4.2人工溼地系統中污染物去除模式推導與公式運算……...……………….85
4.3去除效率……………………………………...…………………………….89
4.3.1 氨氮之去除效率……………………...……………………………89
4.3.2 磷酸鹽之去除效率……………………...…………………………90
4.4 去除速率……………………...…………………. ……………………….93
4.4.1 氨氮之去除速率……………………...……………………………93
4.4.2 磷酸鹽之去除速率……………………...…………………………98
4.5 溫度校正係數……………………...…………………. ………………...103
4.5.1 氨氮之溫度校正係數……………………...……………………..103
4.5.2 磷酸鹽之溫度校正係數……………………...…………………..103
第五章　結論………………………………………...………………………109
第六章　參考文獻…………………………………………………...………111
附照片

1. 二仁溪網路資料，http://contest.ks.edu.tw
2. 行政院環保署統計室，中華民國台灣地區環境保護統計年報，1995
3. 何茂賢、荊樹人、林瑩峰、李得元、劉邵希、張弘昌，水力負荷對人工溼地去除污染河
水中總懸浮固體之效能，第二十七屆廢水處理技術研討會論文，2002
4. 何茂賢、荊樹人、林瑩峰、李得元、黃子榜，表面流動式人工溼地處理污染性河水之營
養鹽，第八屆海峽兩岸環境保護研討會論文，2002
5. 李黃允，以二階段人工濕地去除生活污水中之營養鹽，國立中山大學環境工程研究所
，2001
6. 李志源等人，利用人工濕地三級處理生活污水，國立台灣海洋大學河海工程學系，1997
7. 李得元等人，校園廢污水中有機物受溫度變化影響之探討，第七屆水資源再生及再利用
研討會論文，2002
8. 林欣怡，以礫石床人工溼地處理工業廢水之研究，國立中山大學海洋環境及工程學系碩
士論文，2000
9. 洪國鑫，高水力負荷下溼地污染物模式分析，國立成奶j學環境工程學系碩士論文
，2002
10. 荊樹人、林瑩峰、李得元、郭富雯、楊勝傑、黃再模，水生植物對於污水中磷酸鹽去
除效果的探討，嘉南學報，第二十三期，第1-12頁，1997
11. 郭文健、陳瑞仁、楊磊，小規模養豬戶零排放處理技術之研究，國立屏東科技大學環
保系，1996
12. 郭振泰、楊州斌，「濕地水質及生態數學模式之發展與應用」，2001
13. 張立弘，「生活污水之溼地處理及再利用研究」，國立屏東科技大學環境工程與科學
系碩士論文，2001
14. 溫清光、陳鴻欽，自然淨化弁鄐妤j化—河川高灘地漫流處理法研究，國立成奶j學
環研中心，1996
15. 溫清光，台灣省河川水體分類之檢討與修訂-附冊三：南部河川，台灣省環境保護處
，1999
16. 楊磊，人工濕地進行高含氯有機物污染場址復育之研究，國科會專題研究計劃報告，
編號NSC87-2211-E-110-003，1998
17. 趙志強、何茂賢、陳瑮琳，人工溼地中蒸發散效應與廢污水處理效率之相關性，國科
會編號NSC 90-2815-C-041-003-E，2002
18. 環保署網路資料，http：//ww2.epa.gov.tw/wq/ewmain.htm
19. 環保署，鼓勵民眾參與二仁溪河川保育工作計畫，2001
20. 環檢所網站：水質檢測方法總則－保存篇，1997
21. ADEQ(Arizona Department of Environmental Quality),. Arizona Guidance
Manual for Constructed Watlands for Water Quality Improvement.Prepared for
ADEQ by Knight R.L., Randall R., Girts M., Tress J.A., Wilhelm M., and Kadlec
R.H. (1995)
22. Arheimer, B., and Wittgren, H.B., Modeling the Effects of Wetlands on
Regional Nitrogen Transport. Ambio, 23, 6, 378. (1994)
23. Bavor, H.J., Roser, D.J. and Adcock, P.W. Challenges for the development
of advanced wetlands technology. Wat.Sci.Tech.Vol.32, NO.3, pp.13-20. (1995)
24. Brix, H.,“Do Macrophytes Play a Role in Constructed treatment Wetlands?”
Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 11. (1997).
25. D‘Angelo E.M. and Reddy K. P., Diagenesis of organic matter in a wetland
receiving hypereutrophic lake water：Ⅰ.Distribution of dissolved nutrients in
the soil and water column . J. Environ. Qual. , Vol.23 , pp928-936. (1994)
26. D‘Angelo E.M. and Reddy K. P., Diagenesis of organic matter in a wetland
receiving hypereutrophic lake water：Ⅱ. Role of inorganic electron acceptors
in nutrient release . J. Environ. Qual. , Vol.23 , pp937-943. (1994)
27. Faulkner S.P. and Richardson C.J.,Physical and chemical characteristics of
fresh water wetland soils, Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment-
Municipal, Industrical and Agricultural, pp.41-72. (1989)
28. G. Bitton, Wastewater Microbiology. Wiley-Liss, Singapore, pp.69-80. (1994)
29. Hammer, D. A., Creating freshwater wetlands, 2nd ed., Lewis. (1996)
30. Hammer D. A. and Bastian R. K., Wetlands ecosystems：Natural water
purifiers? . Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment-Municipal ,
Industrical and Agricultural , pp5-19. (1989)
31. Herskowitz, J., Listowel Artificial Marsh Project Report. Ontario Ministry
of the Environment, Water Resources Branch, Toronto, Can. (1986)
32. International Water Association,. Constructed Wetlands for Pollution
Control. Processes, Performance, Design and Operation. IWA Publishing,
London. (2000)
33. Jing S.R., Lin Y.F., Lee D.Y. and Wang T.W.,“Nutrient Removal from
Polluted River Water by Using Constructed Wetlands,” Bioresource Technology,
76(2),pp.131-135. (2001)
34. Kim Eastlick，"A primer on constructed wetlands course notes for evds". (
1999)
35. Kadlec, R. H. and Knight, R. L., Treatment wetlands, 2nd ed., Lewis. (1996)
36. Kadlec R. H., Natural System for Treatment. Treatment Wetlands , pp42-45. (
1996)
37. Kallner, S., and Wittgren, H.B., Modeling Nitrogen Transformations in
Surface Flow Wastewater Treatment Wetlands in Sweden. Proc. 7th Int. Conf.
Wetland Sys. Water Pollut. Control, Orlando, Fla.,565. (2000)
38. Knight, R.L.,“Wildlife Habitat and Public Use Benefits of Treatment
Wetlands,” Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 35. (1997)
39. Lefor, M.W. and Kennard, W.C. Inland Wetland Definitions. Universuty of
Connecticut Institute of Water Resourse Report No.28, p.p.63. (1977)
40. Li, X. and Jiang, C., Constructed wetland systems for water pollution
control in north China. Wat. Sci. Tech., 32(3), 349~356. (1995)
41. Metcalf & Eddy ,“Chap 13 of Natural treatment system,” In Wastewater
Engineering (Third Edition),Mcgraw-Hill , Inc. New York. pp.927. (1991)
42. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G. Wetlands, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York. (1993)
43. Nolte, Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant Demonstration
Wetlands Project, 1996 Annual Report. (1997)
44. Odum, E.P., Funamentals of Ecology. 3rd. ed. W.B.Saundrs. (1971)
45. Reddy K.R. and D’Angelo E.M.，Biogeochemical indicators to evaluate
pollutant removal efficiency in constructed wetlands Wat. Sci. Tech. , Vol.
35 , No.5 , pp1-10. (1997)
46. Tchobanoglous, G., Constructed wetlands and aquatic plant systems:
research, design, operational, and monitoring issues. In G. A. Moshiri, Ed.,
Constructed wetlands for water quality improvement. Lewis. (1993)
47. van Oostrom, A.J., and Russell, J.M., Denitrification in Constructed
Wastewater Wetlands Receiving High Concentrations of Nitrate. Water Sci.
Technol., 29, 4, 7. (1994)
48. Watson, J. T., Reed, S. C., Kadlec, R. H., Knight, R. L., and Whitehouse,
A. E., Performance expectations and loading rates for constructed wetlands. In
D. A. Hammer, Ed., Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. Lewis. (1989)
49. Worall, P., Peberdy, K.J. and Millett, M.C. “Constructed Wetlands and
Natural Conservation”, Wat. Sci. Tech., Vol. 35, No. 5, pp. 205-213. (1997)
50. Zhu T. and Sikora F. J., Ammonium and nitrate removal in vegetated and
unvegetated gravel bed microcosm wetlands . Wat. Sci. Tech. , Vol.32 , No.3 ,
pp219-228. (1995)