臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

一個國家經濟持續成長及永續發展的關鍵，在於國內重大公共建設的投資促進經濟發展外，更重要的是縮短城鄉都市空間的差距，改善國民生活品質。一個指標性城市常常會影響國家發展的趨勢，台北都會區是一個緊密發展的城市，人口總數占全國人數30%，人口密度為台灣都會區中最大，且為政治、經濟活動中心，建構台北都會區的空間發展型態相對重要。都市計畫是以人口數為規劃依據，凡都市交通運輸規劃、土地使用規劃、公共設施規劃等，以都市計畫內容所述為原則。
本研究採用1984-2014年都市變遷，以「區」為空間單元尺度，運用都市蔓延指數(SI)判斷各城市蔓延狀態，並配合非都市計畫區土地蔓延指標來檢討，可了解台北都會區蔓延趨勢，但是無法確認蔓延範圍。唯有藉衛星遙測技術則可解決此一問題。以多時期衛星影像，依需要特性做出分類成果，應用於監測都市土地覆蓋物變遷，是一個快速、有效的方法，也是個可靠的輔助工具。
常態化差異植生指標(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ,NDVI) 可記錄在一個特定時間，綠色植物的分佈。數值高代表有良好綠色植物環境地區，數值低代表有建築物、道路及其他人造構造物的地區。當都市人口遷移產生遷移時，周邊城市自然植被分布將減少，道路、建築物將取而代之，NDVI值會趨近於「0」；依據NDVI 和倂結果，形成三類物件：NDVI 較小的物件(為建築物或人造物所形成)、NDVI 較中等的物件及NDVI 較大的物件(為植物生長狀況良好)。藉著比較不同時期的物件，尤其是NDVI 較小的物件與NDVI 較大的物件，可作為都市變遷偵測的依據。故本研究以NDVI 為分類依據，藉著Landsat分析紅外線熱波段與全光譜影像資訊，採用1984、1993、2004及2014年衛星影像作為分析的主要對象，以總變異數(total variation)為基礎的能量方程式，能轉化成起始層集函數與時間的偏微分方程式，利用迭代的方式與事前設定的水平集值作為劃分NDVI 圖的依據，在劃分的過程中NDVI值差不多的地區將會合併，隨著時間的增加，能量會逐漸達到穩定，一個複雜的NDVI圖就可以簡化成為預設的類別。總變異數計算可以保有原圖的內容而不失去原有組成特性與邊界資料，配合有線差分法，將可以提供一種快速且穩定的最佳分割法。
從分割結果發現，發現台北都會區以原台北行政區域為基準，往西的方向蔓延，以新北市淡水區、三峽區、樹林區；台北市以內湖區較為顯著。與依人口密度數探討蔓延趨勢相吻合。

Aside from investing in national public constructions to promote economic development, minimizing the urban-rural gap to increase living quality is the key to a prosperous nation and sustainable financial growth. In every country, there is a city or cities could influence a country’s development significantly. Taipei Metropolitan Area has the highest population density in Taiwan. Taipei Metropolitan Area alone holds up to thirty percent of the whole country’s population. It is not only the capital of Taiwan but also the center core for business and government. Therefore, efficient use of space in Taipei Metropolitan Area is critical. Urban planning is based on the population of the city; it serves as a guideline for planning out public mass transportation, land utilization, and general constructions.
This paper adopts the urban changes from the year of 1984 to 2014 and uses kilometers as the unit of distance. It utilizes urban Sprawl Index (SI) to determine the sprawling level of different cities. Along with the comparisons of non-urban sprawl indices, the study was able to graph the Taipei Metropolitan area sprawl trend but unable to pinpoint the sprawling area. Only through remote satellite can be solved the issue. With the segmented satellite images, classifying the image with the specified characteristics and apply the results to monitor the changes of land covers is just a few clicks away. It is an effective, efficient, and a reliable tool.
The normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI, is used to record the distributions of vegetation surrounding urban areas within a particular period. The class with low NDVI values corresponds to those regions containing roads, buildings, and other artificial construction, whereas the region with high NDVI values denotes areas that contain vegetation in good health. When the population in a city spreads, the green area around the city decreased and replaced with pavement and buildings to accommodate the increase in population. Thus, the NDVI will be close to zero. By grouping area objects based on the NDVI, the land is categorized into three group: small NDVI objects (developed area with buildings and road); medium NDVI objects and large NDVI (area with green vegetation). By comparing the object of different phases, especially small NDVI objects and large NDVI objects, changes in the urban environment can be located and quantified. Hence, this paper utilizes NDVI classification as well as Landsat to analyze red band of the whole light spectrum in the data in the attempt to discuss and explain the difference among the satellite images of 1984, 1994, 2004 and 2014. Using an energy equation based on total variation, it resolves to a partial differential equation with time and initial level set function. Using iteration and predetermined settings to divide NDVI images, areas with similar NDVI values will be grouped. With time, the energy stabilizes, a complex NDVI image can be simplified into a predetermined class. Total variation calculation can maintain the original data of the image and not lose the edge information. Combined with the finite-difference method, it can create an optimal, fast, and stable divide method.
From the results of the segmentation, the study concluded that the sprawl of Taipei Metropolitan Area originated from the administrative region and spread west. The significant regions of New Taipei City are Tamsui District, Sanxia District, Shulin District and the significant regions of Taipei City is Neihu District. The urban sprawl trend matches the population density spread.

總目錄
摘要 ..........................................................Ⅰ
Abstract........................................................Ⅲ
目錄 ..........................................................Ⅴ
表目錄 ........................................................Ⅶ
圖目錄 ........................................................Ⅷ
目 錄
第一章 緒論 ...................................................01
第一節 研究動機與目的 ....................................01
第二節 研究範圍與限制 ....................................05
第三節 研究方法與流程 ....................................09
第二章 文獻探討 .................... ...........................11
第一節 都市發展理論 ......................................11
第二節 都市蔓延定義與原因 ................................16
第三節 都市蔓延指標 ......................................22
第四節 衛星遙感測量 ......................................28
第五節 衛星影像分類方法 ..................................34
第六節 常態化差異植生指標 ................................40
第三章 研究設計 ...............................................44
第一節 區域範圍資料概述 ..................................44
第二節 都市蔓延指標設定 ..................................47
第三節 衛星影像分類處理 ..................................62
第四章 實證研究成果分析 .......................................71
第一節 都市發展蔓延實證分析 ..............................71
第二節 影像分類分析成果 .................................116
第三節 都市影像與都市空間成果差異........................126
第五章 結論與建議 ............................................132
第一節 結論 .............................................134
第二節 後續研究建議 .....................................134
參考文獻 .....................................................136

表 目 錄
表2-4-1 Landsat-7+波譜範圍.....................................30
表2-4-2 Landsat-8波譜範圍 .....................................30
表3-3-1 坐標系統之間的差異....................................65
表4-1-1 台北都會區都市規模分布表..............................76
表4-1-2 1984-2014台北都會區歷年人口成長率統計表...............97
表4-1-3 台北都會區歷年都市之高密度與低密度值..... ... ........103
表4-1-4 台北都會區歷年都市SI值..............................104
表4-1-5 台北都會區都市SI值變動量............................104
表4-1-6 台北都會區都市土地蔓延指標.... ......................108
表4-1-7 台北都會區非都市土地蔓延指標.........................108
表4-1-8 台北都會區非都市地區交通地蔓延指標...... .............113
表4-1-9 台北都會區公路、道路長度與面積增加率..... .............115

圖 目 錄
圖1-2-1 台北都會區各都市位置圖 ............................... 06
圖1-3-1 研究流程圖 ..... ......................................10
圖2-1-2 都市成長模式..........................................13
圖2-4-1 不同溫度的黑體輻射特性圖 .............................32
圖2-6-1 不同地物之標準光譜反射率曲線..........................43
圖3-1-1 台北都會區地理位置圖..................................45
圖3-1-2 台北都會區地形圖......................................45
圖3-2-1 台北都會區歷年總人口數及戶數..........................48
圖3-2-2 台北都會區歷年(里)總數................................51
圖3-2-3 台北都會區歷年(鄰)總數................................51
圖3-2-4 台北都會區歷年都市計畫面積............................52
圖3-2-5 台北都會區歷年都市計畫區內人口........................54
圖3-2-6 台北都會區歷年都市計畫面積與人口占總面積與人口比......54
圖3-2-7 台北都會區歷年都市計畫區人口密度......................54
圖3-2-8 台北都會區歷年各都市人口遷移數........................57
圖3-2-9 台北都會區歷年各都市人口淨遷徙人數....................57
圖3-3-1 1984年台北都會區經過「去雲」衛星影像對照圖 ...........64
圖3-3-2 Heaviside 函數圖形.....................................68
圖4-1-1 台北市1968-2010年行政區變遷圖........ ................73
圖4-1-2 1984年都市規模..................... ........ ..........78
圖4-1-3 1984-1988年都市規模 ..................................78
圖4-1-4 1989-1993年都市規模...................................79
圖4-1-5 1994-1998年都市規模...................................79
圖4-1-6 1999-2003年都市規模...................................80
圖4-1-7 2004-2008年都市規模...................................80
圖4-1-8 2009-2013年都市規模...................................81
圖4-1-9 2014年都市規模 .......................................81
圖4-1-10 台北市歷年人口數折線圖................................83
圖4-1-11 基隆市歷年人口數折線圖 ....... ........................85
圖4-1-12 新北市歷年人口數折線圖................ .. ..... ........87
圖4-1-13 1982年平均人口密度 ................... ...............90
圖4-1-14 1984-1988年平均人口密度 .............. ...............90
圖4-1-15 1989-1993年平均人口密度 ............ .................91
圖4-1-16 1994-1998年平均人口密度 ................. ............91
圖4-1-17 1999-2003年平均人口密度 ....................... ......92
圖4-1-18 2004-2008年平均人口密度 .................. ...........92
圖4-1-19 2009-2013年平均人口密度 .................... .........93
圖4-1-20 2014年人口密度 ............................... .......93
圖4-1-21 1984-1988年平均人口密度增加率 ............. ..........99
圖4-1-22 1989-1993年平均人口密度增加率 .............. .........99
圖4-1-23 1994-1998年平均人口密度增加率................ .......100
圖4-1-24 1999-2003年平均人口密度增加率................ .......100
圖4-1-25 2004-2008年平均人口密度增加率............. ..........101
圖4-1-26 2009-2013年平均人口密度增加率........... ............101
圖4-1-27 2014年平均人口密度增加率................... .........102
圖4-1-28 1984-1988年高、低密度區域分布................ ........104
圖4-1-29 1989-1993年高、低密度區域分布圖............. .........105
圖4-1-30 1989-1993年高、低密度區域分布圖........... ...........105
圖4-1-31 台北都會區都市土地蔓延指標 ............. .............108
圖4-1-32 台北都會區非都市土地蔓延指標..... ............. ......108
圖4-1-33 台北都會區非都市土地蔓延指標 ............. ...........113
圖4-1-34 台北都會區公路、道路之長度與面積............. ........114
圖4-1-35 台北都會區公路、道路之長度與面積增加率.... ...........114
圖4-2-1 台北都會區的位置衛星影像....... ............. ........116
圖4-2-2 各期程台北都會區衛星影像圖 ...........................117
圖4-2-3 各期程台北都會區影像NDVI圖.. ........................118
圖4-2-4 起始水平集函數ϕ1與ϕ2的二維與三維顯示.................119
圖4-2-5 以多重水平集收斂狀態.................................120
圖4-2-6 以多層水平集不同的迭代次數得到成果 ...................121
圖4-2-7 各期程台北都會區NDVI圖迭代1000次的分割後成果........122
圖4-2-8 台北都會區各期程合併後NDVI圖成果....................124
圖4-2-9 採用一個較大μ值分割結果.............................125
圖4-3-1 1984-1993年期間人口數增減統計........................128
圖4-3-2 1994-2003年期間人口數增減統計........................128
圖4-3-3 2004-2013年期間人口數增減統計........................129
圖4-3-4 1984-2014年期間人口數增減統計 ........................129
圖4-3-5 台北都會區都市土地蔓延區域...........................131

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