青少年憂鬱為全球重要之公衛議題，影響青少年憂鬱成因中，性別為個人層次之顯著預測因子，女性較男性易有憂鬱情形。家庭則為環境層次中之重要影響因子，其中家庭所提供的社會資本與青少年憂鬱有密切關係，家庭社會資本依據其性質可分為結構性及功能性家庭社會資本兩類。因此，本研究擬以家庭結構、與其他親戚同住情形做為結構性家庭社會資本變項；親子關係、父母監管、父母教育期望做為功能性家庭社會資本變項，來探討其對青少年憂鬱之影響，並比較青少年憂鬱之性別差異。
本研究資料取自臺灣青少年成長歷程研究計畫的第一波國一樣本（N=2690），資料以IBM SPSS 22.0進行分析，統計方法包含描述性統計、獨立樣本t檢定、相關性檢定及階層迴歸。
研究結果發現：（一）青少年女性憂鬱分數高於男性。（二）青少年憂鬱因學校所在地區的不同而有差異。（三）青少年之家庭結構在憂鬱上有差異，單親家庭者憂鬱分數高於雙親家庭者。（四）親子關係、父母監管與青少年憂鬱達顯著正相關。（五）階層迴歸分析結果顯示，「性別」、「學校所在地為台北市」、「家庭結構」、「親子關係」、「父母監管」能顯著預測青少年憂鬱。（六）階層迴歸模式一及模式二之解釋變異量僅約為2％，而在模式三，納入功能性家庭社會資本變項後，解釋變異量增加為約9％，顯示功能性家庭社會資本變項對青少年憂鬱之預測力大於結構性家庭社會資本變項。
性別與家庭社會資本會影響青少年的憂鬱情形，因此，未來若要做青少年心理健康促進，可從此二方面著手。

Depression in adolescents is a vital and worldwide issue in public health. Sex is a significant predictor of depression in adolescents in individual levels. Girls are more vulnerable to depression than boys. In the other hand, the social capital provided by family (family social capital) is an important factor affecting mental health in adolescent in environmental levels. Furthermore, family social capital can be divided into structural and functional parts depending on its characters. Therefore, this study examined the relation between family social capital and depression in adolescents. The variables of family social capital used in this study included structural family social capital which comprised family structure and living with extended family members, and functional family social capital which comprised parent-child relationship, parent’s monitoring of the child, and parent’s educational aspiration toward the child. Also, this study investigated the sex difference in depression in adolescents.
The data used in this study was derived from the wave 1junior high school samples of Taiwan Youth Project, with a valid sample of 2,690 subjects. The data was analyzed by IBM SPSS 22.0 and the statistical methods included descriptive statistics, independent samples t test, correlation coefficient test, and hierarchical regression analysis.
The results were as follows:
(1) Adolescent girls had higher depression scores than boys.
(2) Depression scores in adolescents varied according to the area school located.
(3) Depression scores in adolescents varied according to the type of family structure. Single-parent adolescents had higher depression scores than two-parent ones.
(4) Parent-child relationship and parent’s monitoring of the child were significantly negatively related to depression in adolescents.
(5) Hierarchical regression analysis showed that sex, school located in Taipei, family structure, parent-child relationship, and parent’s monitoring of the child could predict the depression in adolescents.
(6) Hierarchical regression analysis showed that the total variance explained by model 1 and model 2 was around 2%. However, in model 3, the total explanation of variance increased to 9% after putting the functional family social capital variable into the model, which referred that the predictivity of functional family social capital variable was higher than the structural family social capital variable.
Sex and family social capital both had impacts on depression in adolescents. Therefore, the future promotion of mental health in adolescents can focus on the two parts

第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 6
第三節 研究問題 6
第四節 研究假設 6
第五節 研究限制 7
第六節 名詞釋義 8
第二章 文獻探討 11
第一節 家庭社會資本的概念及意涵 11
第二節 青少年憂鬱之現況及其嚴重性 16
第三節 家庭社會資本與青少年憂鬱之相關研究 22
第三章 研究方法 27
第一節 研究設計與架構 27
第二節 研究對象 28
第三節 研究變項 30
第四節 資料處理與分析 35
第四章 研究結果與討論 37
第一節 研究對象之社會人口學、家庭社會資本及憂鬱變項分佈情形 37
第二節 研究對象之社會人口學、家庭社會資本變項與憂鬱之關係 40
第三節 研究對象之社會人口學、家庭社會資本變項對憂鬱之預測 44
第五章 結論與建議 51
第一節 結論 51
第二節 建議 53
參考文獻 54
附錄一 臺灣青少年成長歷程研究計畫問卷（學生問卷） 64
附錄二 臺灣青少年成長歷程研究計畫問卷（父母問卷） 94

中文部分
丁思惠、陳喬琪(2006)。憂鬱症的婚姻與家庭治療。北市醫學雜誌，3(10)，954-961。
王建楠、吳重達(2003)。兒童及青少年憂鬱症。基層醫學, 18(7)，154-165。
王齡竟、陳毓文(2010)。家庭衝突、社會支持與青少年憂鬱情緒：檢視同儕、專業與家外成人支持的緩衝作用。華心理衛生學刊，23(1)，65-97。
台灣精神醫學會(2014). DSM-5精神疾病診斷準則手冊。新北：合記。
李思賢、張弘潔、李蘭、吳文琪 (2006)。家庭及學校的社會資本與國小學童內化行為問題之關係。中華心理衛生學刊，19(3)，231-253。
周玉慧(2015)。青少年至成年初期親子關係的變化及其影響。中華心理學刊，57(1)，67-89。
周新富、王財印(2006)。社會資本在家庭代際人力資本傳遞作用之探討。國立臺北教育大學學報，19(2)，281-306。
林耀盛、李仁宏、吳英璋(2006)。雙親教養態度、家庭功能與青少年憂鬱傾向關係探討。臨床心理學刊。3(1)，35-45。
柯銀德(2003)。台南縣公私立國中學生父母期望、學生成就動機與焦慮之相關研究. (未出版碩士論文)。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
唐貺怡、黃春太、姜逸群、黃雅文、胡益進(2008)。臺灣地區國中一年級學生的社會資本與心理健康之研究。健康促進暨衛生教育雜誌，28, 47-64。
張芳華(2013)家長背景、家長參與學校教育與子女學業成就之關聯性：以北北宜三縣市國中學生為例。教育研究與發展期刊，9(2), 117-144。
張春興(2006)。張氏心理學辭典（重修版）。臺北：東華。
張春興(2009)。現代心理學(重修版)。臺北：東華。
張培新(2006)。台灣宗教組織運作的社會資本考察：以慈濟功德會為例。中山人文社會科學期刊，14(1)，125-163。
陳金定(2007)。青少年發展與適應問題－理論與實務。臺北：心理。
陳亭瑋(2013)。社會資本與青少年偏差行為：家庭與學校的作用(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺北大學，新北市。
陳婉琪、徐崇倫(2011)。愛的教育，鐵的紀律？父母教養方式與青少年心理健康之相關。 教育研究集刊，57(2)，121-154。
陳敏麗、施春合、施國正(2003)。社會資本與社區健康營造。臺灣醫學，7(5)，780-785。
陳毓文(2004)。少年憂鬱情緒的危險與保護因子之相關性研究。中華心理衛生學刊，17(4)， 67-95。
楊浩然(2002)。青少年憂鬱疾患及憂鬱症狀之追蹤研究(未出版之博士論文)。國立臺灣大學，臺北。
楊孟麗（2005）。教育成就的價值與青少年的心理健康。中華心理衛生學刊，18(2)，75-99。
葉蓁、李忠賢(2013)。從個人、家庭、學校面向探討高中職學生憂鬱相關因素。中等教育，64(2)，136-156。
董氏基金會(2002)。青少年主觀生活壓力與憂鬱傾向之相關性的調查研究。 Retrieved 6,17, 2015, from http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=63&Page=1
董氏基金會(2004)。青少年日常生活、網路使用與憂鬱傾向之相關性調查。 Retrieved 6,17, 2015, from http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=65&
劉惠琴(2007)。家庭系統測量的評估－以晚期青少年的家庭為例。中華心理衛生學刊， 20(3)，261-290。
鄭惠玲、江東亮(2002)。臺灣的社會資本與自評健康。臺灣公共衛生雜誌，21(4)，289-295。
鄭麗珍(2001)。家庭結構與青少年的生活適應之研究－以台北市為例。臺大社會工作學刊(5)，197-270。
蕭怡真、陳俊元(2014). 保護傘或雙面刃？談社會資本對多重物質濫用之影響。中華心理衛生學刊，27(1)，1-36。
謝秀芬(1989)。家庭與家庭服務 : 家庭整體爲中心的福利之研究。臺北市：五南。
 
英文部分
Almeida-Filho, N., Mari, J. d. J., Coutinho, E., França, J. F., Fernandes, J., Andreoli, S. B., & Busnello, E. D. (1997). Brazilian multicentric study of psychiatric morbidity-Methodological features and prevalence estimates. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 171(6), 524-529.
Amato, P. R., & Sobolewski, J. M. (2001). The effects of divorce and marital discord on adult children's psychological well-being. American Sociological Review, 66(6), 900-921.
Birmaher, B., & Brent, D. (2007). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 46(11), 1503-1526.
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., & Kaufman, J. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part II. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(12), 1575-1583.
Birmaher, B., Ryan, N. D., Williamson, D. E., Brent, D. A., Kaufman, J., Dahl, R. E., . . . Nelson, B. (1996). Childhood and adolescent depression: A review of the past 10 years. Part I. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(11), 1427-1439.
Blazer, D. G., Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., & Swartz, M. S. (1994). The prevalence and distribution of major depression in a national community sample: The national comorbidity survey. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(7), 979-986.
Bongers, I. L., Koot, H. M., Van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2004). Developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Child Development, 75(5), 1523-1537.
Cantwell, D., & Baker, L. (1991). Manifestations of depressive affect in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20(2), 121-133.
Chang, Y.-H., Yi, C.-C., & Lin, K.-H. (2008). Kin Network and its Effect on the Psychological Well-being of the Youth: The Case of Taiwan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 39(1), 19-37.
Chin-Chun, Y., Chyi-In, W., Ying-Hwa, C., & Ming-Yi, C. (2009). The psychological well-being of Taiwanese youth. International Sociology, 24(3), 397-429.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, S95-S120.
Coleman, J. S. (1990). The foundations of social theory. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Compas, B. E. (1987). Stress and life events during childhood and adolescence. Clinical Psychology Review, 7(3), 275-302.
Compas, B. E., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescenc. Psychological Bulletin, 114(2), 323-344.
Costello, E. J., Copeland, W., & Angold, A. (2011). Trends in psychopathology across the adolescent years: What changes when children become adolescents, and when adolescents become adults? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(10), 1015-1025.
Crosnoe, R. (2004). Social Capital and the Interplay of Families and Schools. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(2), 267-280.
Crystal, D. S., Chen, C., Fuligni, A. J., Stevenson, H. W., Hsu, C.-C., Ko, H.-J., . . . Kimura, S. (1994). Psychological maladjustment and academic achievement: a cross-cultural study of Japanese, Chinese, and American high school students. Child Development, 65(3), 738-753.
Cui, M., Conger, R. D., & Lorenz, F. O. (2005). Predicting change in adolescent adjustment from change in marital problems. Developmental Psychology, 41(5), 812-823.
De Silva, M. J., McKenzie, K., Harpham, T., & Huttly, S. R. A. (2005). Social capital and mental illness: a systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 59(8), 619-627.
Edwards, A. C., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., & Dick, D. M. (2011). Pubertal development moderates the importance of environmental influences on depressive symptoms in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(10), 1383-1393.
Erikson, E. H. (1986). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.
Eshbaugh, E. (2008). Perceptions of family relationship factors and depressive symptoms in adolescents: What roles do parents and gender play? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 17(1), 127-139.
Evans, G. W., & Kutcher, R. (2011). Loosening the link between childhood poverty and adolescent smoking and obesity: The protective effects of social capital. Psychological Science, 22(1), 3-7.
Ferguson, K. M. (2006). Social capital and children's wellbeing: a critical synthesis of the international social capital literature. International Journal of Social Welfare, 15, 2-18.
Field, T., Diego, M., & Sanders, C. (2001). Adolescent depression and risk factors. Adolescence, 36(143), 491.
Fombonne, E. (1998). Increased rates of psychosocial disorders in youth. European Archives of Psychiatry & Clinical Neuroscience, 248(1), 14-21.
Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., & Hughes, M. E. (1995). Social capital and successful development among at-risk youth. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(3), 580-592. doi: 10.2307/353914
Ge, X., Natsuaki, M. N., & Conger, R. D. (2006). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and stressful life events among male and female adolescents in divorced and nondivorced families. Development and Psychopathology, 18(01), 253-273.
Grootaert, C., Narayan, D., Woolcock, M., & Nyhan-Jones, V. (2014). Measuring social capital : An integrated questionnaire. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Hall, G. S. (1904). Adolescence: Its psychology and its relations to physiology, anthropology, sociology, sex, crime, religion, and education (Vol. II). New York: D. Appleton and Company.
Hankin, B. L., Mermelstein, R., & Roesch, L. (2007). Sex differences in adolescent depression: Stress exposure and reactivity models. Child Development, 78(1), 279-295.
Harpham, T., Grant, E., & Thomas, E. (2002). Measuring social capital within health surveys: key issues. Health Policy and Planning, 17(1), 106-111.
Hogan, M. J. (2001). Social capital: Potential in family social sciences. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 30(2), 151-155.
Jacobson, K. C., & Crockett, L. J. (2000). Parental monitoring and adolescent adjustment: an ecological perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 10(1), 65-97.
Jenkins, J. M., & Smith, M. A. (1990). Factors protecting children living in disharmonious homes: Maternal reports. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(1), 60-69.
Kashani, J. H., Orvaschel, H., Rosenberg, T. K., & Reid, J. C. (1989). Psychopathology in a community sample of children and adolescents: A developmental perspective. Journal Of The American Academy Of Child And Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(5), 701-706.
Kaslow, N. J., Deering, C. G., & Racusin, G. R. (1994). Depressed children and their families. Clinical Psychology Review, 14(1), 39-59.
Kessler, R. C., & Walters, E. E. (1998). Epidemiology of dsm-iii-r major depression and minor depression among adolescents and young adults in the national comorbidity survey. Depression and Anxiety, 7(1), 3-14.
Kim, K. J., Conger, R. D., Elder Jr, G. H., & Lorenz, F. O. (2003). Reciprocal influences between stressful life events and adolescent internalizing and externalizing problems. Child Development, 74(1), 127-143.
Kim, S. Y., & Ge, X. (2000). Parenting practices and adolescent depressive symptoms in Chinese American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 14(3), 420-435.
Klein, D. N., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Rohde, P. (2001). A family study of major depressive disorder in a community sample of adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58(1), 13-20.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hops, H., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., & Andrews, J. A. (1993). Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DAM-III-R disorders in high school students. Journal of abnormal psychology, 102(1), 133-144.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Roberts, R. E., Seeley, J. R., Rohde, P., Gotlib, I. H., & Hops, H. (1994). Adolescent psychopathology: II Psychosocial risk factors for depression. Journal of abnormal psychology, 103(2), 302-315.
Li, S., & Delva, J. (2012). Social capital and smoking among asian american men: An exploratory study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(Suppl 2), S212-S221.
Lin, H.-C., Tang, T.-C., Yen, J.-Y., Ko, C.-H., Huang, C.-F., Liu, S.-C., & Yen, C.-F. (2008). Depression and its association with self-esteem, family, peer and school factors in a population of 9586 adolescents in southern taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(4), 412-420.
McGee, R. O. B., Feehan, M., Williams, S., & Anderson, J. (1992). Dsm-iii disorders from age 11 to age 15 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 31(1), 50-59.
Meyer, B. E. B., & Hokanson, J. F. (1985). Situational influences on social behaviors of depression prone individuals. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41(1), 29-35.
Narayan, D., & Cassidy, M. F. (2001). A dimensional approach to measuring social capital: Development and validation of a social capital inventory. Current Sociology, 49(2), 59-102.
Organization, W. H. (2001). The world health report : 2001 : Mental health : New understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Organization, W. H. (2005). Child and adolescent mental health policies and plans(mental health policy and service guidance package). Geneva: World Health Organization.
Organization, W. H. (2008). The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Papini, D. R., & Roggman, L. A. (1992). Adolescent perceived attachment to parents in relation to competence, depression, and anxiety: A longitudinal study. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 12(4), 420-440.
Petersen, A. C., Compas, B. E., Brooks-Gunn, J., Stemmler, M., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Depression in adolescence. American Psychologist, 48(2), 155-168.
Ployhart, R. E., Weekley, J. A., & Baughman, K. (2006). The structure and function of human capital emergence: A multilevel examination of the attraction-selection-attrition model. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 661-677.
Prosser, J., & McArdle, P. (1996). The changing mental health of children and adolescents: Evidence for a deterioration? Psychological Medicine, 26(04), 715-725.
Ravanera, Z., & Rajulton, F. (2010). Measuring social capital and its differentials by family structures. Social Indicators Research, 95(1), 63-89. doi: 10.1007/s11205-009-9450-9
Regier, D. A., Boyd, J. H., Burke, J. D., Rae, D. S., Myers, J. K., Kramer, M., . . . Locke, B. Z. (1988). One-month prevalence of mental disorders in the united states: Based on five epidemiologic catchment area sites. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45(11), 977-986.
Rutter, M., Izard, C. E., & Read, P. B. (Eds.). (1986). Depression in young people : Developmental and clinical perspectives. New York: Guilford Press.
Santrock, J. W. (2013). Life-span development(fourteenth edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Sapag, J. C., Poblete, F. C., Eicher, C., Aracena, M., Caneo, C., Vera, G., . . . Bradford, E. (2010). Tobacco smoking in urban neighborhoods: Exploring social capital as a protective factor in santiago, chile. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12(9), 927-936.
Smojver-Ažić, S., & Bezinović, P. (2011). Sex differences in patterns of relations between family interactions and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Croatian Medical Journal, 52(4), 469-477.
Smokowski, P. R., Guo, S., Rose, R., Evans, C. B. R., Cotter, K. L., & Bacallao, M. (2014). Multilevel risk factors and developmental assets for internalizing symptoms and self-esteem in disadvantaged adolescents: Modeling longitudinal trajectories from the rural adaptation project. Development and Psychopathology, 26(Special Issue 4pt2), 1495-1513.
Son, S. E., & Kirchner, J. T. (2000). Depression in children and adolescents. American family physician, 62(10), 2297-2308.
Sze, T.-M., Lin, S.-H., Hsieh, P.-J., & Chen, I. J. (2013). Sex differences in the development of perceived family cohesion and depressive symptoms in taiwanese adolescents. Psychological Reports, 113(1), 54-72.
Thorlindsson, T., Valdimarsdottir, M., & Hrafn Jonsson, S. (2012). Community social structure, social capital and adolescent smoking: A multi-level analysis. Health & Place, 18(4), 796-804.
Van Roy, B., Grøholt, B., Heyerdahl, S., & Clench-Aas, J. (2006). Self-reported strengths and difficulties in a large norwegian population 10–19 years. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 15(4), 189-198.
Wade, T. J., Cairney, J., & Pevalin, D. J. (2002). Emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence: National panel results from three countries. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41(2), 190-198.
Wells, J. E., Bushnell, J. A., Hornblow, A. R., Joyce, P. R., & Oakley-Browne, M. A. (1989). Christchurch psychiatric epidemiology study, part i: Methodology and lifetime prevalence for specific psychiatric disorders. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 23(3), 315-326.
Wright, J. P., Cullen, F. T., & Miller, J. T. (2001). Family social capital and delinquent involvement. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(1), 1-9.
Wu, Q., Palinkas, L. A., & He, X. (2011). Social capital in promoting the psychosocial adjustment of chinese migrant children: interaction across contexts. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(4), 421-442.