臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

赭麴毒素A (Ochratoxin A，OTA) 是一種具有多種毒性的真菌毒素。由真菌中麴黴屬 (Aspergillus sp.) 和青黴屬 (Penicillium sp.) 的一些菌株產生的一種次級代謝產物，廣泛污染糧食和飼料。赭麴毒素A具有很強的腎臟和肝臟毒性，並有致畸、致突變、免疫抑制和致癌等作用，對動物和人體健康有很大的潛在危害。本研究以串聯式液相層析質譜儀檢驗2012年9月到2013年1月間亞洲五個地區46件動物飼料樣本中赭麴毒素A所含濃度。當訊號判定以S/N>1為採計標準時，赭麴毒素A陽性總檢出率57% (26/46)，含量平均值為16.26 ppb，含量最大值則為21.79 ppb。單一地區赭麴毒素A檢出率最高達83%，最低0%，毒素含量平均值最高17.48 ppb，最大值達21.79 ppb。檢驗結果以在S/N 3為採計標準時檢出率為20%，相較S/N>1時之檢出率57%，較接近其他文獻所載之檢出結果(19%~27%)，以S/N 3應是一個較合適的檢測標準。

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin with a variety of toxicity. As a secondary metabolite produced by Aspergillus ( Aspergillus sp. ) and Penicillium ( Penicillium sp. ), OTA widely contaminates food and feed. With its strong kidney and liver toxicity and the teratogenic, mutagenic, immunosuppressive and carcinogenic effects, OTA may cause great damage to the health of animals and human beings. This study aims to examine the concentration of OTA in the 46 animal feed samples collected from five Asian regions in the period September 2012 to January 2013 by tandem liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy. With S/N> 1 as the peak picking standard, the OTA occurrence is 57% (26/46), while the average OTA content is 16.26 ppb and the maximum content is 21.79 ppb. For single region, the highest OTA occurrence is 83% and the lowest 0% while the highest average content is 17.48 ppb and the maximum content is 21.79 ppb. If the peak picking standard raised to S/N 3, the OTA occurrence is 20%, which is closer to the test results in previous published reports (19% ~ 27%). Accordingly, S/N 3 is a more adequate standard for peak picking in LC/MS/MS method.

目錄

封面內頁
博、碩士論文授權書
論文口試委員審定書(中文版)
論文口試委員審定書(英文版)

中文摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅱ
謝誌 Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅳ
表目錄 Ⅷ
圖目錄 Ⅹ
第一章 前言 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2-1赭麴毒素的發現及產生 3
2-2赭麴毒素的種類、結構 4
2-3赭麴毒素A產生菌分布及生長條件 4
2-4赭麴毒素A理化性質 7

2-5赭麴毒素A的毒性 8
2-5-1赭麴毒素A的急性毒性 8
2-5-2赭麴毒素的短期毒性 9
2-5-3赭麴毒素A的腎毒性 10
2-5-4赭麴毒素A肝臟毒性 11
2-5-5 赭麴毒素A的致畸性 13
2-5-6赭麴毒素A致突變性 13
2-5-7赭麴毒素A致癌性 13
2-6 赭麴毒素A的脫毒方法 14
2-6-1 物理脫毒 14
2-6-2化學脫毒 17
2-6-3生物脫毒 18
2-7赭麴毒素A的檢測方法 19
2-7-1薄層層析法 19
2-7-3微柱法 21
2-7-4螢光比色法 21
2-7-5酶聯免疫吸附法 22
2-7-6免疫層析測定法 23
2-7-7液相層析串聯式質譜法(LC/MS/MS) 24

2-8赭麴毒素A的規範 26
2-9 影響赭麴毒素A生成的因素 33
2-10赭麴毒素A在全球各地的汙染概況 34
2-10-1 糧食類產品 35
2-10-2 其它植物性食品 40
2-10-3 發酵食品 41
2-10-4 動物性相關食品 44
2-10-5 我國OTA污染 53
第三章 實驗材料與方法 54
3-1實驗材料 54
3-1-1 材料與試劑調製 54
3-1-2 萃取溶液之調製 54
3-1-3移動相溶液之調製 54
3-2 器材與設備 55
3-3 檢測流程 56
第四章 結果與討論 58
4.1 檢測樣品來源 58
4-2標準檢量線 58
4-3 亞洲各國OTA 毒素含量檢測結果(總述) 60

4-4 亞洲各國OTA 毒素含量檢測結果(分述) 68
4-5穀物分類(飼料種類)OTA檢出值和檢出率和全球及亞洲之比較 74
4-6穀物分類(內含物)OTA檢出值和檢出率和全球及亞洲之比較 75
4-7穀物不分類時OTA檢出值和檢出率和全球及亞洲之比較 76
4-8 OTA和其他毒素共生率的相關性 77
第五章 結論 79
參考文獻 80

表目錄
表1：各種赭麴毒素之化學結構式 5
表2：赭麴毒素A主要產生菌株、分布區域及生長條件 6
表3：不同動物模組OTA急性毒性(半致死劑量) 10
表4：食品中OTA最大允許量 28
表5：各國食品中OTA最大允許量 29
表6：各國不同動物飼料OTA最大允許量 32
表7：未加工穀物OTA汙染發生表 37
表8：各國不同的啤酒OTA汙染發生表 42
表9：紅酒OTA汙染發生表 43
表10：全球及亞洲OTA毒素檢測結果 46
表11：全球OTA毒素檢測結果(依內容物分類) 47
表12：各國動物飼料OTA汙染發生表 48
表13 :OTA檢測流程 57
表14：亞洲各國OTA毒素檢測總表 60
表15：亞洲各國OTA毒素檢測結果(依飼料種類分類) 74
表16：亞洲各國OTA毒素檢測結果(依內容物分類) 75


表17：各國OTA檢出率、含量最大值、含量最小值、含量平均值一覽表
(S/N>1) 76

表18：各國OTA檢出率、 含量最大值、含量最小值、含量平均值一覽表
(S/N>=3) 77
表19：亞洲各國OTA檢出率和其他毒素檢出率 78
表20：OTA檢出率和其他毒素檢出率之相關係數 78


圖目錄
圖1：世界人口預估圖 2
圖2：OTA的化學結構 5
圖3：以標準赭麴毒素A所做之標準檢量線圖 59
圖4：以LC/MS/MS分析之層析圖(A)為定量(B)為定性離子對層析圖 59
圖5：亞洲各國OTA總檢出率 未檢出率分配百分圖 62
圖6：亞洲各國OTA檢出率 63
圖7：亞洲各國OTA平均含量 64
圖8：亞洲各國OTA最高含量 65
圖9：亞洲各國OTA最低含量 66
圖10：檢出樣本各國分配百分比 67
圖11：泰國OTA毒素檢測含量百分比 69
圖12：菲律賓OTA毒素檢測含量百分比 70
圖13：日本OTA毒素檢測含量百分比 71
圖14：中國OTA毒素檢測含量百分比 72
圖15：印尼OTA毒素檢測含量百分比 73

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