臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究於2009年6月至2011年3月解析北部地區不同季節大氣懸浮微粒質量濃度，採集之樣品進行金屬元素、水溶性離子、含碳量分析，並應用CMB模式解析推估北部地區PM2.5貢獻污染源。另一方面，以粒狀物空氣監測儀於交通要道、背景 (郊區)、交通通勤與室內等四種不同特性位置進行PM2.5即時濃度量測。研究結果顯示交通要道尖峰時段，路口1、路口2及路口3 PM2.5 測值分別為非尖峰時段之1.30、1.35與1.19倍。交通通勤部份，量測搭乘機車、汽車-開窗、公車、捷運與汽車-關窗測值，尖峰時段分別為非尖峰時段之1.94、1.26、1.23、1.16與1.02倍。室內部份，公車轉運站-等候區、公車轉運站-售票處、地下街、辦公大樓、車站大廳與百貨公司尖峰時段測值分別為非尖峰時段之1.04、1.13、1.16、1.12、1.05與1.26倍，顯示一般民眾於尖峰時段確實暴露於較高濃度之PM2.5。
本研究於2009年與2010年期間監測北部地區季節性大氣懸浮微粒質量濃度，結果顯示2009年與2010年冬末春初期間大氣懸浮微粒質量濃度比夏季與秋季期間高。化學組成方面，微粒中之金屬元素以Al、Ca、Fe、K、Mg與Na所含濃度最高為主要金屬元素。水溶性離子佔微粒比例多寡依順序為SO42-，其次為NH4+，而後為NO3-。含碳量部份，總碳於化學成份中佔相當大的比例約8.32 ~ 71.3 %，應用CMB模式解析北部地區季節性PM2.5貢獻污染源，綜觀北部地區季節性PM2.5貢獻污染源以機動車輛貢獻量最大，其次為街道揚塵，而後為硫酸銨。海鹽飛沫貢獻量以靠近沿海地區之萬里測點影響最為顯著。工業燃燒與營造貢獻量對不同地區測點大氣懸浮微粒仍具有一定的貢獻。

PM2.5 samples were collected at northern Taiwan during June, 2009 and March, 2011 in this study. The concentrations of metals, ions and carbon content were analyzed. Chemical mass balance (CMB) model was applied for the apportionment of PM2.5 source contribution. In addition, PM2.5 mass concentrations at traffic intersections, suburban areas, indoor environments and four various commuting equipment were measured to assess PM2.5 exposures. The results show that average PM2.5 concentrations at traffic intersections in peak hour are about 1.30, 1.35 and 1.19 times higher than in non-peak hour. For the commuters, PM2.5 exposure concentrations for commuting by scooter, automobile (open window), bus, MRT and automobile (close window) at peak hour are 1.94, 1.26, 1.23, 1.16 and 1.02 times higher than non-peak hour. In indoor environment, PM2.5 concentrations at bus station-waiting area, bus station-ticketing area, underground street, office building, train station and department store in peak hour are about 1.94, 1.26, 1.23, 1.16 and 1.02 times higher than non-peak hour. The results show that human expose to high PM2.5 concentration in peak hour.
PM2.5 mass concentration in the end of winter and the early of spring are higher than summer and fall. Al, Ca, Fe, K, Ma and Na are predominated in metal. Water solution ions account for most PM2.5 mass and the ion concentrations are highest for SO42-. For carbon content, total carbon account for 8.32 ~ 71.3% PM2.5 mass. The CMB results show atmospheric PM2.5 are mainly contributed for motor vehicles, then for street dust and ammonium sulfate. For Wanli site, sea salt spray is the most significant contributor of PM2.5. Industrial plants and construction sites are also PM2.5 contributors.

摘要............................................................................................................. I
Abstract .....................................................................................................III
誌謝............................................................................................................V
總目錄...................................................................................................... VI
表目錄...................................................................................................... IX
圖目錄........................................................................................................X
第一章 前言..............................................................................................1
1-1 研究動機.......................................................................................1
1-2 研究內容與目標...........................................................................2
第二章 文獻回顧......................................................................................3
2-1 懸浮微粒.......................................................................................3
2-1-1 懸浮微粒之定義.................................................................3
2-1-2 懸浮微粒對人體的危害.....................................................3
2-1-3 懸浮微粒之來源.................................................................6
2-2 懸浮微粒之季節性質量濃度變化...............................................7
2-3 大氣懸浮微粒物化特性...............................................................8
2-3-1 微粒中水溶性離子成份來源與特性.................................8
2-3-2 微粒中金屬成份來源與特性...........................................10
2-3-3 微粒中碳成份來源與特性...............................................11
2-4 不同特性環境PM2.5 量測..........................................................12
2-4-1 郊區及交通路口...............................................................12
2-4-2 交通通勤...........................................................................17
2-4-2-1 捷運.........................................................................17
2-4-2-2 巴士、計程車與機車............................................20
VII
2-4-3 室內場所...........................................................................24
2-5 受體模式.....................................................................................26
2-5-1 受體模式緣起...................................................................26
2-5-2 國內外CMB 之應用........................................................26
第三章 實驗設備與方法........................................................................30
3-1 懸浮微粒採樣.............................................................................30
3.1-1 粒狀物空氣監測儀採樣規劃...........................................30
3-1-1-1 採樣位置之選定.....................................................30
3-1-1-2 採樣方式.................................................................32
3-1-1-3 採樣設備儀器原理.................................................33
3-1-2 手動式採樣器採樣規劃...................................................34
3-1-2-2 採樣時間.................................................................34
3-1-2-3 採樣設備儀器原理.................................................37
3-1-2-4 質量濃度計算方式.................................................37
3-1-2-5 採樣濾紙與前處理.................................................39
3-2 成份分析方法.............................................................................39
3-2-1 水溶性離子分析...............................................................39
3-2-2 金屬元素分析...................................................................42
3-2-3 含碳量分析.......................................................................44
3-3 化學質量平衡法 (Chemical Mass Balance)..............................46
3-3-1 CMB 之理論.....................................................................46
3-3-2 CMB 模式之步驟與基本條件.........................................47
3-3-3 CMB 模式之驗證.............................................................48
3-3-4 CMB 適用性級別.............................................................49
3-3-5 CMB 模式之操作.............................................................50
VIII
第四章 結果與討論................................................................................51
4-1 臺北市不同環境PM2.5 暴露濃度.............................................51
4-1-1 各交通要道及郊區PM2.5 濃度........................................51
4-1-2 交通通勤PM2.5 暴露濃度................................................53
4-1-3 室內PM2.5 暴露濃度........................................................55
4-2 北部地區PM2.5 質量濃度與化學組成季節性分析..................58
4-2-1 98 年北部地區PM2.5 質量濃度季節性變化...................58
4-2-1-1 98 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性變化................59
4-2-1-2 98 年北部地區金屬元素季節性變化....................61
4-2-1-3 98 年北部地區微粒含碳量季節性變化................63
4-2-2 99 年北部地區PM2.5 質量濃度季節性變化...................63
4-2-2-1 99 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性變化................66
4-2-2-2 99 年北部地區金屬元素季節性變化....................69
4-2-2-3 99 年北部地區含碳量季節性變化........................72
4-3 化學質量平衡法推估結果.........................................................74
第五章 結論與建議................................................................................85
5-1 結論.............................................................................................85
5-2 建議.............................................................................................86
參考文獻..................................................................................................87
表目錄
表2-1 郊區及交通路口PM2.5 暴露之相關文獻整理 (μg/m3)..............15
表2-2 地下鐵車廂內PM2.5 暴露之相關文獻整理 (μg/m3)..................19
表2-3 不同交通運輸工具車內PM2.5 暴露之相關文獻整理 (μg/m3)..22
表2-4 不同室內環境PM2.5 暴露之相關文獻整理 (μg/m3)..................25
表3-1 粒狀物空氣監測儀採樣規劃表...................................................31
表3-2 各樣品種類尖峰與非尖峰時段...................................................32
表3-3 北部地區各採樣點地理資訊位置...............................................35
表4-1 98 年北部地區含碳量季節性變化 (μg/m3) ...............................63
表4-2 99 年北部地區PM2.5 質量濃度季節性變化 (μg/m3).................64
表4-3 國內外文獻各採樣點PM2.5 濃度 (μg/m3)..................................65
表4-4 99 年北部地區含碳量季節性變化 (μg/m3) ...............................73
表4-5 各測點污染源季節性 (春季) 貢獻量........................................77
表4-6 各測點污染源季節性 (春季) 貢獻量 (續)................................78
表4-7 各測點污染源季節性 (夏季) 貢獻量........................................79
表4-8 各測點污染源季節性 (夏季) 貢獻量 (續)................................80
表4-9 各測點污染源季節性 (秋季) 貢獻量........................................81
表4-10 各測點污染源季節性 (秋季) 貢獻量 (續)..............................82
表4-11 各測點污染源季節性 (冬季) 貢獻量......................................83
表4-12 各測點污染源季節性 (冬季) 貢獻量 (續)..............................84
圖目錄
圖2-1 懸浮微粒吸入呼吸器官示意圖.....................................................4
圖3-1 粒狀物空氣監測儀.......................................................................33
圖3-2 粒狀物空氣監測儀光散原理.......................................................33
圖3-3 北部地區各採樣點位置...............................................................36
圖3-4 TE-6070D 高流量採樣器.............................................................38
圖3-5 水溶性離子分析流程...................................................................41
圖3-6 感應耦合電漿光學放射光譜儀...................................................43
圖3-7 金屬元素分析流程.......................................................................43
圖3-8 含碳量分析流程...........................................................................45
圖3-9 熱解法前處理設備.......................................................................45
圖3-10 CMB 8.2 模式操作步驟.............................................................50
圖4-1 交通要道及郊區PM2.5 濃度測值................................................52
圖4-2 各種交通通勤PM2.5 濃度檢測值................................................54
圖4-3 各種室內環境之PM2.5 濃度檢測值............................................56
圖4-4 98 年北部地區PM2.5 質量濃度季節性變化...............................58
圖4-5 98 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (夏季) 變化.......................59
圖4-6 98 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (秋季) 變化.......................60
圖4-7 98 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (冬季) 變化.......................60
圖4-8 98 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (夏季) 變化...........................61
圖4-9 98 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (秋季) 變化...........................62
圖4-10 98 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (冬季) 變化.........................62
圖4-11 99 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (春季) 變化.....................67
圖4-12 99 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (夏季) 變化.....................67
圖4-13 99 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (秋季) 變化.....................68
XI
圖4-14 99 年北部地區水溶性離子季節性 (冬季) 變化.....................68
圖4-15 99 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (春季) 變化.........................70
圖4-16 99 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (夏季) 變化.........................70
圖4-17 99 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (秋季) 變化.........................71
圖4-18 99 年北部地區金屬元素季節性 (冬季) 變化.........................71

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