[1] Sumpter, J.P., and Jobling, S., “Vitellogenesis as a biomarker for estrogenic contamination of the aquatic environment,” Environ Health Perspect, Vol. 103, pp.173-178(1995)
[2] Hayes, T., Haston, K., Tsui, M.,Hoang, A., Haeffele, C. & Vonk, A. “Feminization of male frogs in the wild, ” Nature, Vol. 419, pp895-896 (2002).
[3] Lintelmann, J., Katayama, A., Kurihara, N., Shore, L., and Wenzel. A., “Endocrine disruptors in the environment (IUPAC Technical Report. ”Pure Appl. Chem. Vol. 75, No. 5, pp.631-681(2003)
[4] Ghekiere, A., Verslycke. T., Janssen, C.R., “Effects of methoprene, nonylphenol, and estrone on the vitellogenesis of the mysid Neomysis integer, ” Gen. Comp. Endocrinol, Vol. 147, No.2, pp.190-195(2006).
[5] Sumpter, J.P., “Feminized responses in fish to environmental estrogens, ” Toxicol Lett, Vol.82, No.83, pp.737-42(1995).
[6] Carballa, M., Omil, F., Lema, J., Llombart, M., Fracia-Jares, C., Rodrigues, I., Gomez, M., Ternes, T. A., “Behavior of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and hormones in sewage treatment plants, ” Water Research, Vol. 38, pp.2918-2926(2004).
[7] Esperanza, M., Suidan, M.T., Marfil-Vega, R., Gonzalez, C., Sorial, G.A., McCauley, P., and Brenner, R., “Fate of Sex Hormones in Two Pilot-Scale Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants: Conventional Treatment,” Chemosphere, Vol. 66, No. 8, pp.1535-1544(2007).
[8] Finn, R. N., “The physiology and toxicology of salmonid eggs and larvae in relation to water quality criteria, ” Aquatic Toxicology, Vol. 81, No. 4, pp.337–354(2007).
[9] Laganà , A., Bacaloni, A., Leva, I. D., Faberi, A., Fago, G., Marino, A., “Analytical methodologies for determining the occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals in sewage treatment plants and natural waters, ”Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 501, No. 1, pp.79-88(2004).
[10] Colborn, T., Vom Saal, F.S., & Soto, A.M.,“Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans, ” Environ. Health Perspect, Vol. 101, pp.378-384(1993).
[11] Vos, J.G., Dybing, E., Greim, H.A., Ladefoged, O., Lambre, C., Tarazona, J.V., Brandt, I., and Vethaak, A.D., “Health effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on wildlife, with special reference to the European situation,” Crit Rev Toxicol, Vol. 30. No.1 , pp.71-133(2000).
[12] Skakkebaek, N. E., Rajpert-De, M. E., and Main, K. M., “Testicular dysgenesis symdrome:an increasing common developmental disorder with environmental aspexts, ”Hum Reprod, Vol. 16, pp.972-978(2001).
[13] Fertmans, F., Dhooge, W., Stuyvaert, F. and Comhaire, F., “Endocrine disruptors:effect on male infertility and screening tools for their assessment,” Toxicol In Vitro, Vol. 17, pp.515-524(2003).
[14] Giesy, J.P., Hilscherova, K., Jones, P.D., Kannan, K., Machala, M., “Cellbioassays for detection of aryl hydrocarbon and estrogen receptormediated activity in environmental samples, ” Mar. Pollut. Bull. Vol. 45, pp.3-16(2002).
[15] Danzo, B.J.,“Environmental xenobiotics may disrupt normal endocrinefunction by interfering with the binding of physiological ligands to steroid receptors and binding proteins. Environ, ” Health Perspect, Vol. 105, pp.294-301(1997).
[16] Fox, G.A.,“Practical causal inference for ecoepidemiologists, ”J. Toxicol.Environ. Health, Vol. 33, pp.359-373(1991).
[17] Kang, K. S., Kim, H. S., Ryu, D. Y.,; Che, J. H; Lee, Y.S., “Immature uterotrophic assay is more sensitive than ovariectomized uterotrophic assay for the detection ofestrogenicity of p-nonylphenol in Sprague-Dawley rats,Toxicol, ” Letters, Vol. 118, No.1 , pp.109-115(2000).
[18] Baker, V.A., “Endocrine disrupters-testing strategies to assess human hazard.Toxicol,”In Vitro , Vol. 15, pp.413-419(2001).
[19] Ding, W. H., and Wu, C. Y., “Determination of estrogenic nonylphenol and bisphenol A in river water by solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry”, Journal of Chinese Chemical Society, Vol. 47, No. 5, pp.1155-1160(2000).
[20] 康世芳,飲用水水源及水質標準中列管污染物篩選與監測計畫,行政院環境保護署毒管處, 2007~2009。
[21] 田倩蓉、李俊璋、謝佳禕、陳重羽、孫逸民,「國內毒性化學物質環境流布調查成果回顧」,http://ivy1.epa.gov.tw/Dioxin_Toxic/,2008。
[22] 陳永仁,環境荷爾蒙管制,財團法人孫運璿學術基金會,台北,2001。
[23] 陳文德,國內環境荷爾蒙管制現況,第二屆環境荷爾蒙與持久性有機污染物研討會,2002,台北,p21-24。
[24] 孫瑞陽,「塑化劑污染事件之探討」,美容科技學刊,10 卷 1 期, P95 – 112,2013。[25] Mandich, A., Benfenati, E., Bottero, S., Cevasco, A., Erratico, C., Maggioni, S., Massari, A., Pedemonte, F., Viganò, L., “In vivo exposure of carp to graded concentrations of bisphenol A, ” General and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 153, pp.15-24(2007).
[26] Ternes, T. A., Stumpf, M., Mueller, J., Haberer, K., Wilken, R. D., Servos, M., “Behavior and occurrence of estrogens in municipal sewage treatment plants-I. Investigations in Germany, Canada and Brazil,” The Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 225, pp.81-90(1999).
[27] Hamada T, Sakuma Y., “In vivo visualization of estrogen receptor alpha gene promoter activity.” J Nippon Med Sch, Vol. 73(9) pp.114-115(2006).
[28] Medina FJL., “Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of pyridinone HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors using the k nearest neighbor method and QSAR-base database mining.” J Comput Aided Mol Des, Vol. 19(1) pp.229-242(2005).
[29] 李敏勇、夏霖;從三維到五維:定量構效系統(QSAR)的研究進展;中國藥科大學學報;卷34 期7;頁數586-591 (2003)。
[30] Cramer RD, Patterson DE, Bunce JD, “Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) effect of shape on binding of steroids to carrier protein,” J Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 110(10) pp5959-5967 (1988).
[31] Hopfinger AJ, Wang S, Tokarski JS, et al., “Construction of 3D-QSAR models using the 4D-QSAR analysis formalism,” J Am Chem Soc, Vol. 119(2) pp. 10509-10524(1997).
[32] Vendani A, Dobler M, “5D-QSAR: The key for simulating induced fit,” J Med Chem, Vol. 45(12) pp. 2139-2149(2002).
[33] Vendani A, Dobler M., “Multidimensional QSAR: Moving from three five-dimensional concepts,” Quant Struct-Act Relat, Vol. 21(8) pp.382-390(2002).
[34] Dearden JC, “In silico prediction of drug toxicity,” J Comput Aided Mol Des, Vol. 17 pp.119-127(2003).
[35] Hansch C et al; Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Heller SR, consult. ed., Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc p. 137 (1995)
[36] Vighi, M., Gramatica, P., Consolaro, F., Todeschini, R., “QSAR and chemometric approaches for setting water quality objectives for dangerous chemicals, ” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, Vol. 49, pp. 206-220(2001).
[37] Kim, J. H., Gramatica, P., Kim, M. G., Kim, D., Tratnyek, P. G., “QSAR modelling of water quality indices of alkylphenol pollutants,” SAR QSAR Environ Res, Vol. 18, No. 7-8, pp.729-43(2007).
[38] Padmakar, V., Khadikar, Mandloi, D., Amrit, V., Bajaj., and Joshi, S., “QSAR Study on Solubility of Alkanes in Water and Their Partition Coefficients in Different Solvent Systems UsingPI Index, ” Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 13, pp.419-422(2003).
[39] Mohammad Shahbazy, Mohsen Kompany-Zareha, Mohammad Mahdi Najafpoura, QSAR analysis for nano-sized layered manganese–calcium oxide in water oxidation: An application of chemometric methods in artificial photosynthesis, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, online 29 December 2014.
[40] Hazard Summary-Created in April 1992, http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search2/f?./temp/~xC8aXP:1
[41] Bhattacharya SK et al; Removal and Fate of RCRA and CERCLA Toxic Organic Pollutants in Wastewater Treatment. USEPA, Risk Reduction Eng Lab, Cincinnati, OH USEPA/600/S2-89/026 (1990).
[42] Brown, K.W, and Donnelly, K.C., “An estimation of the risk associated with the organic constituents of hazardous and municipal waste landfill leachates,” Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials,Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.1-30(1988).
[43] Christensen TH et al; Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 24: 194-202 (1994).
[44] Eckel , W.P., Ross.B., Isensee , R.K., “ Pentobarbitol found in ground water,” Groundwater ,Vol.31 , pp.801–804 (1993).
[45] Tomson, M. B., Dauchy, J., Hutchins, S., Curran, C., Cook, C.J., Ward, C.H., “Groundwater contamination by trace level organics from a rapid infiltration site, ”Water Research, Vol. 15, pp. 1109–1116(1981).
[46] Stubin, A. I. and Brosnan, T. M., Porter, K.D., Jimenez, L., Lochan, H., “Organic Priority Pollutants in New York City Municipal Wastewaters: 1989–1993,” Water Environment Research, Vol. 68, No 6, pp.1037-1044(1996).
[47] Bauer, M.J., Herrmann R., “Estimation of the environmental contamination by phthalic acid esters leaching from household wastes” Science of the Total Environment, Vol.208, pp.49-57(1997).
[48] Berset, J.D., Etter-Holzer R., “Determination of phthalates in crude extracts of sewage sludges by high-resolution capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection,” Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Vol. 84, pp.383–391(2001).
[49] Matthiessen, P.,. Thain, J. E., Robin, J. L., Fileman, T. W., “Attempts to assess the environmental hazard posed by complex mixtures of organic chemicals in UK estuaries,” Marine Pollution Bulletin., Vol. 26, pp 90-95(1993).
[50] Petrović, M., Barceló, D., “Determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol.72 , pp.4560–4567(2000).
[51] Wilkie, P. J., Hatzimihalis, G., Koutoufides, P., and Connor, M. A., “The contribution of domestic sources to levels of key organic and inorganic pollutants in sewage: the case of Melbourne, Australia,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 34, No. 3-4, pp.63–70(1996).
[52] Jay, K., Stieglitz, L, “Identification and quantification of volatile organic components in emissions of waste incineration plants,” Chemosphere, Vol.30, pp.1249–1260(1995).
[53] USEPA; Inventory Update Reporting (IUR). Non-confidential 2006 IUR Records by Chemical, including Manufacturing, Processing and Use Information. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Available from, as of Nov 13, 2012: http://cfpub.epa.gov/iursearch/index.cfm
[54] NIOSH; NOES. National Occupational Exposure Survey conducted from 1981-1983. Estimated numbers of employees potentially exposed to specific agents by 2-digit standard industrial classification (SIC). Available from, as of Nov 13, 2012: http://www.cdc.gov/noes/
[55] Swann, R.L., Laskowski, D.A., McCall, P.J., et al.,. “A rapid method for the estimation of the environmental parameters octanol/water partition coefficient, soil sorption constant, water to air ratio and water solubility,” Res Rev, Vol. 85, pp.17-28(1983).
[56] Fent, G., Hein, W. J., Moendel, M. J., Kubiak, R., “Fate of 14C-bisphenol A in soils,” Chemosphere, Vol. 51, pp.735-746(2003).
[57] Zeng, G, M., Zhang, C., Huang, G. H., Yu, J., Wang, Q., Li, J. B. “Adsorption behavior of bisphenol A on sediments in Xiangjiang River, Central-south China, ” Chemosphere, Vol. 65, pp.1490-1499(2006).
[58] Xu, J., Chen, W., Wu, L., Green, R., and Chang, A.,“LEACHABILITY OF SOME EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN RECLAIMED,” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 28, No. 9, pp.1842-1850(2009).
[59] Doucette WJ; pp. 141-188 in Handbook of Property Estimation Methods for Chemicals. Boethling RS, Mackay D, eds. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ (2000).
[60] EU; European Union Risk Assessment Report, CAS: 80-05-7 EINECS No: 201-245-8, Environment Addendum of April 2008, 4,4'-ISOPROPYLIDENEDIPHENOL (Bisphenol-A), Part 1 Environment; Available from, as of Nov 13, 2012:
[61] Swann, R. L., Laskowski, D. A., McCall, P. J., et al., “A rapid method for the estimation of the environmental parameters octanol/water partition coefficient, soil sorption constant, water to air ratio and water solubility, ” Res Rev, Vol. 85, pp.17-28(1983).
[62] Russell, D, J., McDuffie, B., “Chemodynamic properties of phthalate esters: Portioning and soil migration,”Chemosphere, Vol. 15, pp. 1003-1021(1986).
[63] Staples CA et al; Chemosphere 35: 667-715 (1997)
[64] Hinckley, D. A., Bidleman, T. F., Foreman, W. T., Tuschall, J. R.,“Determination of vapor pressures for nonpolar and semipolar organic compounds from gas chromatograhic retention data, ” J. Chem. Eng. Data, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp.232-237(1990).
[65] DeFoe, D. L., Holcombe, G. W., Hammermeister, D. E., Beisinger, K. E., “Solubility and toxicity of eight phthalate esters to four aquatic organisms,”Environ Toxicol Chem, Vol. 9, pp.623-636(1990).
[66] Kirchmann, H., Åström, H., Jömsäll. G., “Organic pollutants in sewage sludge. 1. Effects of toluene, naphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 4-n-nonylphenol, and di-ethylhexyl phthalate on soil biological processes and their decomposition in soil, ” Swedish J. Agric. Res, Vol. 21, pp.107-113(1991).
[67] Dörfler, U., Haala, R., Matthies, M., et al., “Mineralization kinetics of chemicals in soils in relation to environmental conditions, ” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp.216-222(1996).
[68] Efroymson, R. A., and M. Alexander. 1994a. “Biodegradation in Soil of Hydrophobic Pollutants in Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (NAPLs),” Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(3): 405–11.
[69] ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Sept 2002. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US Public Health Service. PB2003-100138. Available at http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp9.html as of Dec 12, 2008.
[70] Marcomini A et al; Marine Chem 29: 307-23 (1990) (7) Marcommini A et al; J Environ Qual 18: 523-8 (1989) (8) Marcomini AK; pp 153-67 in Proc Sem Nonylphenolethoxylates and Nonylphenol. Solna, Sweden (1990)
[71] Swann, R. L., Laskowski, D. A., McCall, P. J, et al., “A rapid method for the estimation of the environmental parameters octanol/water partition coefficient, soil sorption constant, water to air ratio and water solubility, ” Res Rev, Vol. 85, pp.17-28(1983).
[72] Lyman, W. J., et al., Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc , pp.4-9(1990).
[73] Daubert TE, Danner RP; Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals: Data Compilation. Design Inst Phys Prop Data, Amer Inst Chem Eng. NY, NY: Hemisphere Pub. Corp 4 Vol (1996).
[74] Shiu, WY., Ma, KC., čková, D, V., Mackay, D., “Chlorophenols and alkylphenols: A review and correlation of environmentally relevant properties and fate in an evaluative environment, ” Chemosphere, Vol. 29, pp.1155-1224(1994).
[75] Beit, I. O. D. El., Wheelock, J. V., & Cotton, D. E., “Pesticide‐microbial interaction in the soil,”International Journal of Environmental Studies, Vol. 16, pp.171-179(1981).
[76] Miles, J. R., Moy, P., “Degradation of endosulfan and its metabolites by a mixed culture of soil microorganisms., ” Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, Vol. 23, No.1-2, pp.13-19(1979).
[77] Johnson B; Calif Dept Food Agric, Div Pest Manag, Environ Prot Worker Saf, Environ Monit Pest Manag Branch, Environmental Hazards Assessment Program (1991).
[78] Kathpal, T. S., Singh, A., Dhankhar, J. S., Singh, G., “Fate of endosulfan in cotton soil under sub-tropical conditions of northern India, ” Pestic. Sci, Vol. 50, pp.21–27(1997).
[79] Capel, P. D., and Larson, S. J., “A Chemodynamic Approach for Estimating Losses of Target Organic Chemicals from Water During Sample Holding Time: Chemosphere, ”Pestic Sci, Vol. 30, No. 6, pp.1097-1107 (1995).
[80] Sethunathan, N., et al. “Persistence of endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in soil as affected by moisture regime and organic matter addition, ” Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, Vol. 68, pp.725-731(2002).
[81] Olthof M; Biological Degradation of Organic Chemicals in OCPSF Wastewaters. In: Proc Ind Waste Conf 1992, 47th, Lewis Publ., Inc.: Chelsea, MI pp. 835-42 (1993).
[82] Madsen, T. et al., “Anaerobic biodegradation potentials in digested sludge, a freshwater swamp and a marine sediment,”Chemosphere, Vol. 31, pp.4243-4258(1995).
[83] Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington,DC: Amer Chem Soc pp. 7-4, 7-5 (1990)
[84] Först, C., Simon, H., Stieglitz, L., Karlsruhe, K., “Determination of chlorophenols and chlorobenzenes in leachate by headspace analysis, ” Chemosphere, Vol. 26, pp.1355-1364(1993).
[85] Marta Veningerová, Viktor Prachar, Jana Kovačičová, Ján Uhnák. Analytical methods for the determination of organochlorine compounds: Application to environmental samples in the Slovak Republic. Journal of Chromatography A. Volume 774, Issues 1–2, 11 July 1997, Pages 333–347.
[86] Huang, Z., Zhou, W., Zhou, C., Han, S., Zhang, A., Feng, F., Liu, C., Wang, L., “Determination of Semivolatile Compounds in Drinking Water by Tandem Mass Spectrometric Detection,” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 71, pp.1026-1033 (2003).
[87] Meylan, W. M., Howard, P. H., “Computer estimation of the Atmospheric gas-phase reaction rate of organic compounds with hydroxyl radicals and ozone”, Chemosphere, Vol. 26, pp.2293–2299(1993)
[ 88 ] Larsson, P., Bremle, G., Okla, L., “ Uptake of pentachlorophenol in fish of acidified and nonacidified lakes, ” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 50, pp 653-658(1993).
[89] Cessna, A.J., Grover, R., “Spectrophotometric determination of dissociation constants of selected acidic herbicides, “, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, Vol. 26, pp.289-292(1978).
[90] Chang, B.V., Kao‐Tsung Liao & Shaw‐Ying Yuan ., “Anaerobic biodegradation of 2,4,6-trichlorophenols by dichlorophenol-adapted river sediment,“ Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, Vol.49, pp. 33–43(1995).
[91] Hudak, J.P., McDaniel, J., Lee, S., and Fuhrman, J.A., “Mineralization potentials of aromatic hydrocarbons by estuarine microorganisms: variations with season, location, and bacterioplankton production,“ Marine Ecology-progress Series, Vol.47, pp.97-102(1988).
[92] Hellman, H., Fresenius', “Z Anal Chem. Henry's Law constant = 2.45X10-8 atm-cu m/mole at 22 deg C, “ Z Anal Chem, Vol. 328, pp.475-79(1987).
[93] Pignatello, J. J., Martinson, M. M., Steiert, J .G., Carlson, R. E., Crawford, R. L., “Biodegradation and photolysis of pentachlorophenol in artificial freshwater streams, “ Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol.46. pp.1024-1031(1983).
[94] Hintemann, T., Schneider, C., Schöler, H. F., Schneider, R. J., “Field study using two immunoassays for the determination of estradiol and ethinylestradiol in the aquatic environment, ” Water Research, Vol. 40, No. 12. pp.2287-2294(2006).
[95] Yang, L., Luan, T., Lan, C., “Solid-phase microextraction with on-fiber silylation for simultaneous determinations of endocrine disrupting chemicals and steroid hormones by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol. 1104, pp.23-32(2006).
[96] 林昭榮,「河川自淨作用」,農田水利,卷50:期11,頁26-31,2004。[97] Test method for biodegradability of surfactants, GB/T 15818-2006.
[98] W. Chu, C.Y. Kwan, K.H. Chan, S.K. Kam, “A study of kinetic modelling and reaction pathway of 2,4-dichlorophenol transformation by photo-fenton-like oxidation”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 121 pp.119–126 (2005).
[99] Kennedy, I. R., Ahmad, N., Tuite, J., Kimber, S., Sanehez-Boyer, F., Southan, S., Hugo, L., Wang, S., Lee, A., Beasley, H. E., Wronski., “Minimising the impact of pesticides on the riverineenvironment:key findings from research with the cottonindustrv,”LWRRDC Occassional , pp. 23/98(1998).
[100] Greve, P.A., Wit, S. L, “Endosulfan in the Rhine river, ” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed, Vol. 43, No. 42 , pp.2338-2348(1971).
[101] European Union Risk Assessment Report, European Commission, (2008).
[102] Draft Toxicological Profile for Toxaphene, U.S. Department of Health And Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances And Disease Registry. Syracuse Research Corporation 2010, pp.127
[103] Mackay, D., and Leinonen, P. J., “Rate of Evaporation of Low Solubility Contaminants from Water Bodies to Atmosphere, ” Environ. Sci. Technol, Vol. 9, pp.1178-1180(1975).
[104] Lyman, W.J., et al; “Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC, ”Amer Chem Soc, pp. 1-29(1990).
[105] Toxicological Profile for Heptachlor and Heptachlor Epoxide, U.S. Department of Health And Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances And Disease Registry. Syracuse Research Corporation, pp.98-99 (2007).
[106] Anna Palm, C., Mikael R., Jeanette, A., Lennart, K., Katarina, S., Ylva, E., Brita, D. Eva, B. L., Ingemar, C., SGU. Results from the Swedish National Screening Programme 2004. Subreport 5: Mirex and Endosulfan, IVL Sewdish Environmental Research Institue Ltd., pp.11 (2005).