臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究之研究目的有三：(1)探討台灣城市與鄉村地區居民其心理健康的差異；(2)分析台灣城鄉居民心理健康差異的中間影響機制，亦即瞭解城鄉居民是否因其生活環境中所觸及的社會支持以及活動參與的類型與程度的差別而導致不同的心理健康；(三)檢視城鄉居民心理健康是否會受到城鄉與中間影響機制的交互作用影響。
本論文分析資料採用自行政院國家科學委員會資助之「台灣地區社會變遷基本調查」第四期第一次調查原始資料，該計劃係由中央研究院社會學研究所執行。原始樣本數有1,895個，經過樣本處理過後，本研究實際所使用的樣本數為1,870個。本研究以潛在階層模式(Latent Class Model)與多元迴歸分析(Multiple Regression)來進行論文所需的分析。
使用潛在階層模式的分析結果顯示休閒活動參與類型中的精神生活類型可分為「自然愛好生活型」(35.23%)、「精神匱乏生活型」(12.57%)、「音樂閱讀生活型」(25.74%)和「多樣精神生活型」(26.46%)等四種類型；而休閒活動參與類型中的物質生活類型則可分成「多樣物質生活型」(17.35%)、「低度物質生活型」(50.44%)、「逛街生理滿足型」(24.69%)和「社交生活重視型」(7.52%)等四種。
最後本研究使用多元迴歸分析後發現：(1)台灣城鄉居民的心理健康有差異；(2)社會支持會對個人的心理健康有正面的影響，特別是擁有較完整的社會支持護航圈的個人，其心理健康會比缺乏社會支持護航圈的人為佳，也比只有單一社會支持護航圈的人要來得好；(3)活動參與對城鄉居民的心理健康也有影響。個人參與的節慶活動愈多，對其心理健康愈有正面的幫助；而個人的休閒活動參與若是屬於精神生活類型中的「多樣精神生活型」，其心理健康會較「精神匱乏生活型」的人為佳；而個人若是屬於物質生活類型中的「逛街生理滿足型」，其心理健康則會比「低度物質生活型」的人來得差；(4)鄉村居民在心理健康上會比城市居民需要朋友網絡或是擁有完整的支持網絡，若是鄉村居民只有朋友網絡或是擁有完整的支持網絡，其心理健康將會比同樣是只有朋友網絡或是擁有完整的支持網絡的城市居民要來得好；(5)鄉村居民在節慶活動參與上的需求會比都市居民來得高，鄉村居民若是多參與節慶活動，會比同樣參與節慶活動的都市居民在心理健康上要來得好。同樣地，鄉村居民對「社交生活重視型」的活動項目需求也比都市居民要高，若是他們多參與該類型的活動項目，將會比參與該類型項目活動的城市居民在心理健康上要來得好。

The purposes of this study are: (1) to explore the psychological well-being differences between urban and rural people in Taiwan; (2) to analyze the mediating mechanism that affects the psychological well-being differences between urban and rural people in Taiwan. In other words, we try to understand whether the differences between urban and rural people’s psychological well-being are caused different types of social supports and activity participations available to them; (3) to examine whether the psychological well-being of rural and urban people is influenced by the interaction of urban/rural and the mediating mechanism.
Data used in this thesis were collected in the forth cycle’s first year survey of the research project “Taiwan Social Change Survey”. The project was conducted by the Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica, and sponsored by the National Science Council, Republic of China. The original sample size was 1,895. After conducting missing data, our sample size became 1,870. We used latent class model and multiple regression to analyze our data.
By the latent class model analyzing results, we obtained four types of lifestyles under the inner life category: outdoor-loving lifestyle(35.23%), inner-life absent lifestyle(12.57%), music-reading lifestyle(25.74%) and multi-activities lifestyle(26.46%); another four types of lifestyles under the material life category: multi-material lifestyle (17.35%), low-material lifestyle(50.44%), shopping satisfaction lifestyle(24.69%), and social life valued lifestyle(7.52%).
Finally, we obtained the findings by using multiple regression analysis: (1) there is difference of psychological well-being between urban and rural people; (2)social supports have positive effects on individuals’ psychological well-being. Especially, those who have a more complete social support convoy circles are psychologically better than people who are lack of social support convoy circles or people with only own one social support circle; (3) activity participation is also good for urban and rural people’s psychological well-being. The more people participate in festival activities, the more beneficial for their psychological well-being. The psychological well-being of people who belong to the multi-activities lifestyle type are better than those who belong to inner-life absent lifestyle type. The psychological well-being of people who belong to the shopping satisfaction lifestyle category are worse than those who belong to the low material lifestyle category; (4) to have a better psychological well-being, rural people have more need for friend network or having a complete support network than urban people do. If rural people only have friend network or own a complete support network, their psychological well-being will be better than urban people; (5) rural people have higher demands for festival activity participations than urban people. If rural people have more participation in these activities, their psychological well-being will be better than urban people. Similarly, rural people have higher demand for the activities under the items of social life valued lifestyle than urban people. If rural people participate more in the activities of that particular lifestyle, their psychological well-being will be better than urban people.

第壹章 緒論
第一節 研究緣起與研究目的...…..………………..………………………1
第二節 研究重要性……………...………...………………….……………6
第貳章 文獻探討
第一節 空間環境與心理健康的關係…………..………………..……...…8
第二節 心理健康與社會機制的關係……………....……...……....……..10
(一)社會支持……..………….………….……………………..10
(二)活動參與…………...…………………….………………..17
第三節 空間環境、社會機制與心理健康的關係………..…....…...……21
第四節 控制變項………...…………………….………………..……...…23
第五節 研究架構與研究假設………..…...……………………………....27
第參章 研究方法
第一節 資料來源….…………...…………..………………………….…..30
第二節 重要變項與測量指標...……………….………...………………..32
第三節 分析方法…..……...………………….……………….…………..39
第肆章 研究結果
第一節 樣本資料概況…...………………….……………….……..……..41
第二節 休閒活動潛在類別分析…...………………….………….………43
第三節 影響城鄉居民心理健康因素之分析……………………….……51
第伍章 結論與建議
第一節 研究結果與討論…………………………………………………62
第二節 研究建議…………………………………………………………65
參考書目…..……………………………………………………………………..67
附錄一 本論文研究問卷組題………………………..……………………..…76
附錄二 本論文城鄉分類標準…………………………………………………79

(一)中文部分
王仁潔、李湘雄譯，Marian Pitts and Keith Phillips原著
2000健康心理學，台北：弘智文化。
申荷永
2001充滿張力的生活空間-勒溫的動力心理學，台北：貓頭鷹出版。頁：70-71。
行政院主計處
2001中華民國八十九年臺閩地區戶口及住宅普查初步綜合報告，台北：行政院主計處。
行政院主計處
2002中華民國八十九年農林漁牧業普查初步綜合報告，台北：行政院主計處。
危芷芬譯，Francis T. McAndrew原著
1995環境心理學，台北：五南出版。
吳齊殷、李珮禕
2001友誼網絡對青少年心理健康之影響，青少年生命歷程與生活調適研討會，中央研究院社會學研究所主辦。
周玉慧、莊義利
2000晚年生活壓力、社會支持與老人身心健康之變遷：長期資料分析。人文及社會科學集刊，第十二卷，第二期，頁281-317。
周玉慧、楊文山、莊義利
1998晚年生活壓力、社會支持與老人身心健康，人文及社會科學集刊第十卷第二期，頁227-265。

財團法人董氏基金會
2002不同職業者和憂鬱程度調查報告，財團法人董氏基金會心理衛生組心理健康相關調查。
章英華、傅仰止
2000台灣社會變遷基本調查計劃第四期第一次調查計劃執行報告，台北：中央研究院社會科學研究所。
凌德麟
2003遊憩活動差異對身心健康影響之研究，台北：行政院國家科學委員會。
陸洛
1998中國人幸福感之內涵、測量及相關因素探討，國家科學委員會研究彙刊：人文及社會科學，八卷，一期，頁115-137。
張俊彥、趙芝良
1999城鄉婦女休閒活動特性之研究，戶外遊憩研究第十二卷第三期，頁21-41。
張峰彬
1993社會地位取得：城鄉之比較，國立台灣大學農業推廣學系碩士論文。
黃宗堅、謝雨生
2002家庭系統的測量與分類：以青少年原生家庭為例之初探，家庭系統量化實徵研究學術研討會，台北：中央研究院中山人文社會科學研究所。
楊文山
1997社會科學計量方法發展與應用，台北：中央研究院社會科學所。
漢寶德
1989環境心理學—建築之行為因素，境與象出版社，頁9-21。

鄭宜仲
1998社經地位、友誼網絡與身分地位意識之研究，國立台灣大學農業推廣學系博士論文。
鄭淑子
2002農村老人社會網路、支持授受之探討，社區關懷與老人保健研討會論文集，台北：實踐大學民生學院，頁95-117。
賴爾柔
1998台灣鄉村老人生活滿意度之研究，台北：行政院國家科學委員會。
蕭秀玲、莊慧秋、黃漢耀譯
1991環境心理學，台北：心理出版社。
謝雨生
2000社會研究統計方法：類別資料分析專題，台北：國立台灣大學農業推廣學系。
謝雨生、鄭宜仲
2000潛在結構模式在行為科學中的應用，長庚護理第十一卷第四期，頁36-45。
魏素芬
1997城鄉老人休閒活動之探討，國立台灣大學農業推廣學系碩士論文。
羅啟宏
1992台灣省鄉鎮發展類型之研究，台灣經濟月刊190期，頁41-68。
(二)英文部分
Amato, Paul R.
1994“Father-Child Relations, Mother-Child Relations, and Offspring Psychological Well-Being in Early Adulthood.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 56: 1031-1042.
Bailey, Kenneth D.
1994Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Techniques. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications
Bao, Wan-ning, Whitbeck, Les B., & Hoyt, Dan R.
2000“Abuse, Support, and Depression among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41: 408-420.
Bonaiuto, Marino, Aiello, Antonio, Perugini, Marco, Bonnes, Mirilia & Ercolani, Anna Paola
1999“Multidimensional Perception of Residential Environment Quality and Neighbourhood Attachment in the Urban Environment.” Journal of Environmental Psychology 19: 331-352.
Chen, Chaonan
2004“Does the Completeness of a Household-based Convoy Matter in Intergenerational Support Exchanges?” Unpublished paper.
Craft, Lynette L. & Landers, Daniel M.
1998“The Effect of Exercise on Clinical Depression and Depression Resulting from Mental Illness: A Meta-analysis.“ Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 20: 339-357.
Ellison, Christopher G., Gay, David A., & Glass Thomas A.
1989“Does Religious Commitment Contribute to Individual Life Satisfaction?” Social Forces 68: 100-123.
Glenn, Norval D. & Weaver, Charles N.
1981“Education’s Effects on Psychological Well-Being.” Public Opinion Quarterly 45: 22-39.
Gómez-Jacinto, Luis & Hombrados-Mendieta, Isabel
2002“Multiple Effects of Community and Household Crowding.” Journal of Environmental Psychological 22: 233-246.
Greed, Peter A., & Evans, Bronwyu M.
2002“Personality, Well-being and Deprivation Theory.” Personality and Individual Differences 33: 1045-1054.
Hagenaars, Jacques A.
1993Loglinear Models with Latent Variables. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
Hartig, Terry, Evans, Gary W., Jamner, Larry D., Davids, Deborah S., & Gärling, Tommy
2003“Tracking Restoration in Natural and Urban Field Settings.” Journal of Environmental Psychological 23: 109-123.
Heady, Bruce, & Wearing, Alexander
1989“Personality, Life Events, and Subjective Well-being: Toward a Dynamic Equilibrium Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57: 731-739.
Hills, Peter & Argyle, Michael
2002“The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A Compact Scale for the Measurement of Psychological Well-being.” Personality and Individual Differences 33: 1073-1082.
Houseknecht, Sharon K. & Sastry, Jaya
1996“Family “Decline” and Child Well-being: A Comparative Assessment.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 58: 726-739
Ingersoll-Dayton, Berit, Morgan, David & Antonucci, Toni
1997“The Effects of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges on Aging Adults.” The Journals of Gerontology 52B: S190-S199.

Iso-Ahola, Seppo E., & Park, Chun J.
1996“Leisure-Related Social Support and Self-Determination as Buffers of Stress-Illness Relationship.” Journal of Leisure Research 28:169-187.
Kerr, John H. & Tacon, Paul
1999“Psychological Responses to Different Types of Locations and Activities.” Journal of Environmental Psychological 19: 287-294.
Lin, Nan
2001 Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lin, Nan & Ensel, Walter M.
1989“Life Stress and Health: Stressors and Resources.” American Sociological Review 54: 382-399.
Logan, John R. & Spitze Glenna D.
1994“Family Neighbors.” The American Journal of Sociology 100: 453-476.
Loscocco, Karyn A. & Spitze, Glenna
1990“Working Conditions, Social Support, and the Well-Being of Female and Male Factory Workers.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 31: 313-327.
Mackenzie, Elizabeth R., Rajagopal, Doris E., Meibohm, Margaret, & Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa
2000“Spiritual Support and Psychological Well-being Older Adults'' Perceptions of the Religion and Health Connection.” Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 6: 37-45.
McIlvane, Jessica M. & Reinhardt, Joann P.
2001“Interactive Effect of Support from Family and Friends in Visually Impaired Elders.” The Journals of Gerontology 56B: 374-382.
Mclanahan, Sara S., Wedemeyer, Nancy V. & Adelberg, Tina
1981“Network Structure, Social Support, and Psychological Well-Being in the Single-Parent Family.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 43: 601-612.
Melamed, Samuel & Samson, Elchanan I. Meir Amit
1995“The Benefits of Personality-Leisure Congruence: Evidence and Implications.” Journal of Leisure Research 27:25-40.
Murry, Velma McBride, Brody, Gene H., Brown, Anita, Wisenbaker, Joseph, Cutrona, Carolyn E., & Simons, Ronald L.
2002“Linking Employment Status, Maternal Psychological Well-being, Parenting, and Children’s Attributions about Poverty in Families Receiving Government Assistance.” Family Relations 51: 112-120.
Neter, John, Kutner, Michael H., Nachtsheim, Christopher J., & Wasserman, William
1999Applied Linear Statistical Models. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oxman, Thomas E. & Hull, Jay G.
1997“Social Support, Depression, and Activities of Daily Living in Older Heart Surgery Patients.” Journal of Gerontology 52B: 1-14.
Ramsey, Doug & Smit, Barry
2002“Rural Community Well-being: Models and Application to Changes in the Tobacco-belt in Ontario, Canada.” Geoforum 33: 367-384.

Rapp, S. R., Shumaker, S., Schmidt, S., Naughton, M., & Anderson, R.
1998“Social Resourcefulness: Its Relationship to Social Support and Well-being among Caregivers of Dementia Victims.” Aging and Mental Health 2: 40-48.

Roysamb, Espen, Harris, Jennifer R., Magnus, Per, Vitterso, Joar, & Tambs, Kristian
2002“Subjective Well-being. Sex-speccific Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors.” Personality and Individual Differences 32: 211-223.
Sarason, Irwin G. & Sarason, Barbara R.
1985Social Support: Theory, Research, and Applications. Dordrecht; Boston: M. Nihjoff; Hingham, MA: Distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Boston.
Searle, Mark S., Mahon, Michael, Michael J., Iso-Ahola, Seppo E., Sdrolias, Heather Adam, & Dyck, Joanne van
1995“Enhancing a Sense of Independence and Psychological Well-Being Among the Elderly: A Field Experiment.” Journal of Leisure Research 27:107-124.
Theodossiou, I.
1998“The Effects of Low-pay and Unemployment on Psychological Well-Being: A Logistic Regression Approach.” Journal of Health Economics 17: 85-104.
Thompson, Maxine Seaborn
1986“The Influence of Supportive Relations on the Psychological Well-Being of Teenage Mothers.” Social Forces 64: 1006-1023.
Tickamyer, Ann R. & Duncan, Cynthia M.
1990“Poverty and Opportunity Structure in Rural America.” Annual Review of Sociology 16: 67-86.
Turnbull, Michael & Wolfson, Sandy
2002“Effects of Exercise and Outcome Feedback on Mood: Evidence for Misattribution.” Journal of Sport Behavior 25: 394-406.
Umberson, Debra
1992“Relationships between Adult Children and Their Parents: Psychological Consequences for Both Generations.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 54: 664-674.
Umberson, Debra, Chen, Meichu D., House, James S., Hopkins, Kristine, & Slaten, Ellen
1996“The Effect of Social Relationships on Psychological Well-Being: Are Men and Women Really So Different?” American Sociological Review 61: 837-857.
Wallenius, Marjut
1999“Personal Projects in Everyday Places: Perceived Supportiveness of the Environment and Psychological Well-being.” Journal of Environmental Psychological 19: 131-143.
Whittaker, James K., Garbarino, James, & associates
1983Social Support Networks: Informal Helping in the Human Services. Hawthorne, N.Y.: Aldine Pub. Co.
Wilson, Stephan M., Larson, Jeffry H., & Stone, Katherine L.
1993“Stress Among Job Insecure Workers and Their Spouses.” Family Relations 42: 74-80.