臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

The September 21, 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake being considered one of the most destructive earthquakes in Taiwan history caused a lot of property damage and claimed many lives. Many of these damaged properties were street houses with open fronts at the ground level serving as pedestrian walkways. These buildings are inherently stiff in the direction perpendicular to the street while weak on the other. This is due to architectural constraints for space functionality. The objective of this research is to investigate the seismic behavior of these walls and propose a reinforcement detailing aimed at improving its performance.
Six shear wall specimens – two solid walls and four walls with openings, were constructed and tested under cyclic loading. The specified concrete compressive strength was 27.5 MPa for Wall 1 (solid) and 20.6 MPa for the rest of the walls. Wall web reinforcements for all specimens were SD280 D10 reinforcing bars. Normal strength concrete and steel reinforcement were used as they are commonly used for Taiwanese street houses. The key parameter considered was wall web reinforcement detailing. Further, to enhance the performance of walls with openings, bi-directional diagonal reinforcements were added to the conventional reinforcement layout of the vertical wall segment of one of the walls.
From tests results and strain readings, the different reinforcement layout led to variation in the failure modes. Shear strength capacity of these walls were evaluated based on a defined vertical wall segment and wall cross sectional area. Further based on the experimental results, shear capacity of the wall with diagonal reinforcements are contributed by the shear resisted by the diagonal reinforcements, shear from transverse reinforcement from truss mechanism and by shear from concrete.

The September 21, 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake being considered one of the most destructive earthquakes in Taiwan history caused a lot of property damage and claimed many lives. Many of these damaged properties were street houses with open fronts at the ground level serving as pedestrian walkways. These buildings are inherently stiff in the direction perpendicular to the street while weak on the other. This is due to architectural constraints for space functionality. The objective of this research is to investigate the seismic behavior of these walls and propose a reinforcement detailing aimed at improving its performance.
Six shear wall specimens – two solid walls and four walls with openings, were constructed and tested under cyclic loading. The specified concrete compressive strength was 27.5 MPa for Wall 1 (solid) and 20.6 MPa for the rest of the walls. Wall web reinforcements for all specimens were SD280 D10 reinforcing bars. Normal strength concrete and steel reinforcement were used as they are commonly used for Taiwanese street houses. The key parameter considered was wall web reinforcement detailing. Further, to enhance the performance of walls with openings, bi-directional diagonal reinforcements were added to the conventional reinforcement layout of the vertical wall segment of one of the walls.
From tests results and strain readings, the different reinforcement layout led to variation in the failure modes. Shear strength capacity of these walls were evaluated based on a defined vertical wall segment and wall cross sectional area. Further based on the experimental results, shear capacity of the wall with diagonal reinforcements are contributed by the shear resisted by the diagonal reinforcements, shear from transverse reinforcement from truss mechanism and by shear from concrete.

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………………….. ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………….... iii
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………….. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………… vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………... 1
1.1 Background ………………………………………………………….. 1
1.2 Problem Definition ………………………………………………….. 3
1.3 Objective …………………………………………………………….. 3
1.4 Thesis Organization …………………………………………………. 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE …………………... 6
2.1 Structural Wall ………………………………………………………. 6
2.2 Walls with Diagonal Reinforcement ………………………………… 11
2.2.1 Sittipunt et al. (2001) …………………………………………….. 12
2.2.2 Liao et al. (2004) ………………………………………………… 16
2.2.3 Schaingchin et al. (2006) ………………………………………… 18
2.2.4 Shimazaki (2008) ………………………………………………... 21
2.2.5 Ogata and Kabeyasawa (in Japanese) …………………………… 23
2.2.6 Kabeyasawa (in Japanese) ……………………………………...... 26
2.3 Coupling Beams with Diagonal Reinforcements …………………..... 29
2.3.1 Diagonal reinforcement contribution ……………………………. 31
2.3.2 Concrete in diagonally reinforced coupling beams ……………… 35
2.3.3 Confinement in diagonally reinforced coupling beams …………. 38
2.3.4 ACI318 specification ……………………………………………. 42
2.4 Pinching Effect ………………………………………………………. 43
2.5 ACI318 Shear Strength Equations …………………………………… 48
2.5.1 Chapter 18.10 – Special structural walls of Earthquake resistant structures ………………………………………………………..
48
2.5.2 Chapter 11.5 – Design strength of Walls ………………………… 50
2.5.3 Chapter 22.5 – One-way shear strength of Section strength……… 52
2.5.4 Chapter 22.9 – Shear friction of Section strength ……………..... 54
2.5.5 Chapter 18.10.7 – Coupling beams of Earthquake resistant structures………………………………………………………..
55
CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM …………………………….. 57
3.1 Specimen Design …………………………………………………….. 57
3.2 Materials …………………………………………………………….. 64
3.2.1 Concrete …………………………………………………………. 64
3.2.2 Reinforcing bars …………………………………………………. 65
3.3 Construction of Specimens …………………………………………... 67
3.4 Test Setup …………………………………………………………..... 68
3.4.1 Instrumental and measurement device …………………………... 68
3.4.2 Test setup and applied loading …………………………………... 75
CHAPTER 4: TEST RESULTS AND OBSERVATION …………………... 77
4.1 Force Displacement and Damage Condition ………………………… 77
4.1.1 Wall 1 ……………………………………………………………. 77
4.1.2 Wall 2 ……………………………………………………………. 81
4.1.3 Wall 3 ……………………………………………………………. 85
4.1.4 Wall 4 ……………………………………………………………. 88
4.1.5 Wall 5 ……………………………………………………………. 93
4.1.5 Wall 6 ……………………………………………………………. 97
4.2 Comparison of Test Results ………………………………………….. 100
4.3 Displacement Contribution ………………………………………….. 103
4.3.1 Flexural displacement …………………………………………… 104
4.3.2 Shear displacement ……………………………………………… 106
4.3.3 Flexural and shear displacement contribution …………………… 108
4.4 Strain Gauge Reading ………………………………………………... 112
4.5 Energy Dissipation …………………………………………………... 128
CHAPTER 5: SHEAR STRENGTH EVALUATION……………………… 131
5.1 Vertical Wall Segment Definition ………………………………….... 131
5.2 Wall Area Definition ………………………………………………… 135
5.3 Shear Based on Flexural Capacity …………………………………… 137
5.4 Shear Strength ……………………………………………………….. 138
5.5 Column Contribution………………………………………………… 152
CHAPTER 6: SHEAR STRENGTH MODEL FOR WALL 6……………… 153
6.1 Shear Strength from Diagonal reinforcements …………………….... 153
6.2 Shear Strength from Truss Mechanism and Concrete………………... 155
6.3 Code Limit …………………………………………………………... 156
6.4 Previous Studies of Wall with Diagonal Reinforcements ………......... 157
CHAPTER 7: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK........ 164
7.1 Summary……………………………………………………………... 164
7.2 Conclusion …………………………………………………………... 165
7.2.1 Experimental results ……………………………………………... 165
7.2.2 Analytical results………………………………………………… 166
7.3 Future Work………………………………………………………….. 168
REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………... 169
APPENDIX A ………………………………………………………………. 172
APPENDIX B……………………………………………………………….. 237
APPENDIX C……………………………………………………………….. 240

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