Adam-Vizi, V., and Chinopoulos, C. (2006). Bioenergetics and the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27, 639-645.
Arceci, R.J. (1995). Mechanisms of resistance to therapy and tumor cell survival. Curr Opin Hematol 2, 268-274.
Bao, X., Wang, Z., Fang, J., and Li, X. (2002a). Structural features of an immunostimulating and antioxidant acidic polysaccharide from the seeds of Cuscuta chinensis. Planta Med 68, 237-243.
Bao, X.F., Wang, X.S., Dong, Q., Fang, J.N., and Li, X.Y. (2002b). Structural features of immunologically active polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum. Phytochemistry 59, 175-181.
Boyce, M., and Yuan, J. (2006). Cellular response to endoplasmic reticulum stress: a matter of life or death. Cell Death Differ 13, 363-373.
Cai, W.J., Wang, M.J., Ju, L.H., Wang, C., and Zhu, Y.C. (2010). Hydrogen sulfide induces human colon cancer cell proliferation: role of Akt, ERK and p21. Cell Biol Int 34, 565-572.
Chairul, Hayashi, Y., and Chairul, S.M. (1994). Lanostanoid Triterpenes from Ganoderma-Applanatum. Phytochemistry 35, 1305-1308.
Collins, K., Jacks, T., and Pavletich, N.P. (1997). The cell cycle and cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94, 2776-2778.
Cory, S., and Adams, J.M. (2002). The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life-or-death switch. Nat Rev Cancer 2, 647-656.
Creasman, W.T., Odicino, F., Maisonneuve, P., Quinn, M.A., Beller, U., Benedet, J.L., Heintz, A.P., Ngan, H.Y., and Pecorelli, S. (2006). Carcinoma of the corpus uteri. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 95 Suppl 1, S105-143.
De Luca, A., Maiello, M.R., D''Alessio, A., Pergameno, M., and Normanno, N. (2012). The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the PI3K/AKT signalling pathways: role in cancer pathogenesis and implications for therapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets 16 Suppl 2, S17-27.
Engelman, J.A. (2009). Targeting PI3K signalling in cancer: opportunities, challenges and limitations. Nat Rev Cancer 9, 550-562.
Fang, G., Yu, H., and Kirschner, M.W. (1998). Direct binding of CDC20 protein family members activates the anaphase-promoting complex in mitosis and G1. Mol Cell 2, 163-171.
Foo, J.B., Saiful Yazan, L., Tor, Y.S., Armania, N., Ismail, N., Imam, M.U., Yeap, S.K., Cheah, Y.K., Abdullah, R., and Ismail, M. (2014). Induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in caspase-3 deficient MCF-7 cells by Dillenia suffruticosa root extract via multiple signalling pathways. BMC Complement Altern Med 14, 197.
Gan, K.H., Fann, Y.F., Hsu, S.H., Kuo, K.W., and Lin, C.N. (1998). Mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of Ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle. J Nat Prod 61, 485-487.
Gangemi, M., Meneghetti, G., Predebon, O., Scappatura, R., and Rocco, A. (1987). Obesity as a risk factor for endometrial cancer. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 14, 119-122.
Girard, F., Strausfeld, U., Fernandez, A., and Lamb, N.J. (1991). Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. Cell 67, 1169-1179.
Goldman, R. (1988). Characteristics of the beta-glucan receptor of murine macrophages. Exp Cell Res 174, 481-490.
Gonzalez, A.G., Leon, F., Rivera, A., Padron, J.I., Gonzalez-Plata, J., Zuluaga, J.C., Quintana, J., Estevez, F., and Bermejo, J. (2002). New lanostanoids from the fungus Ganoderma concinna. J Nat Prod 65, 417-421.
Hajjaj, H., Mace, C., Roberts, M., Niederberger, P., and Fay, L.B. (2005). Effect of 26-oxygenosterols from Ganoderma lucidum and their activity as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 3653-3658.
Han, D., Antunes, F., Canali, R., Rettori, D., and Cadenas, E. (2003). Voltage-dependent anion channels control the release of the superoxide anion from mitochondria to cytosol. J Biol Chem 278, 5557-5563.
Harbour, J.W., and Dean, D.C. (2000). The Rb/E2F pathway: expanding roles and emerging paradigms. Genes Dev 14, 2393-2409.
Harhaji Trajkovic, L.M., Mijatovic, S.A., Maksimovic-Ivanic, D.D., Stojanovic, I.D., Momcilovic, M.B., Tufegdzic, S.J., Maksimovic, V.M., Marjanovic, Z.S., and Stosic-Grujicic, S.D. (2009). Anticancer properties of Ganoderma lucidum methanol extracts in vitro and in vivo. Nutr Cancer 61, 696-707.
Hartwell, L.H., and Weinert, T.A. (1989). Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 246, 629-634.
Hennessy, B.T., Smith, D.L., Ram, P.T., Lu, Y., and Mills, G.B. (2005). Exploiting the PI3K/AKT pathway for cancer drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov 4, 988-1004.
Hsu, M.J., Lee, S.S., Lee, S.T., and Lin, W.W. (2003). Signaling mechanisms of enhanced neutrophil phagocytosis and chemotaxis by the polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum. Br J Pharmacol 139, 289-298.
Hsu, S.C., Ou, C.C., Chuang, T.C., Li, J.W., Lee, Y.J., Wang, V., Liu, J.Y., Chen, C.S., Lin, S.C., and Kao, M.C. (2009). Ganoderma tsugae extract inhibits expression of epidermal growth factor receptor and angiogenesis in human epidermoid carcinoma cells: In vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 281, 108-116.
Hsu, S.C., Ou, C.C., Li, J.W., Chuang, T.C., Kuo, H.P., Liu, J.Y., Chen, C.S., Lin, S.C., Su, C.H., and Kao, M.C. (2008). Ganoderma tsugae extracts inhibit colorectal cancer cell growth via G(2)/M cell cycle arrest. J Ethnopharmacol 120, 394-401.
Huie, C.W., and Di, X. (2004). Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods for Lingzhi pharmacologically active components. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 812, 241-257.
Igney, F.H., and Krammer, P.H. (2002a). Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2, 277-288.
Igney, F.H., and Krammer, P.H. (2002b). Immune escape of tumors: apoptosis resistance and tumor counterattack. J Leukoc Biol 71, 907-920.
Jeong, J.C., Kim, S.J., Kim, Y.K., Kwon, C.H., and Kim, K.H. (2012). Lycii cortex radicis extract inhibits glioma tumor growth in vitro and in vivo through downregulation of the Akt/ERK pathway. Oncol Rep 27, 1467-1474.
Johnson, D.G., and Walker, C.L. (1999). Cyclins and cell cycle checkpoints. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 39, 295-312.
Jung, I.L. (2014). Soluble extract from Moringa oleifera leaves with a new anticancer activity. PLoS One 9, e95492.
Kennedy, A.W., Austin, J.M., Jr., Look, K.Y., and Munger, C.B. (2000). The Society of Gynecologic Oncologists Outcomes Task Force. Study of endometrical cancer: initial experiences. Gynecol Oncol 79, 379-398.
Kerr, J.F., Wyllie, A.H., and Currie, A.R. (1972). Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26, 239-257.
Kim, D.H., Shim, S.B., Kim, N.J., and Jang, I.S. (1999). Beta-glucuronidase-inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum. Biol Pharm Bull 22, 162-164.
Kimura, Y., Okuda, H., and Arichi, S. (1988). Effects of the extracts of Ganoderma lucidum on blood glucose level in rats. Planta Med 54, 290-294.
King, R.W., Jackson, P.K., and Kirschner, M.W. (1994). Mitosis in transition. Cell 79, 563-571.
Kischkel, F.C., Hellbardt, S., Behrmann, I., Germer, M., Pawlita, M., Krammer, P.H., and Peter, M.E. (1995). Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) with the receptor. EMBO J 14, 5579-5588.
Komoda, Y., Shimizu, M., Sonoda, Y., and Sato, Y. (1989). Ganoderic Acid and Its Derivatives as Cholesterol-Synthesis Inhibitors. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 37, 531-533.
Kubota, T., Asaka, Y., Miura, I., and Mori, H. (1982). Structures of Ganoderic Acid A and B, Two New Lanostane Type Bitter Triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum (FR.) KARST. Helvetica Chimica Acta Volume 65, Issue 2. Helvetica Chimica Acta 65, 611-619.
Kumar, A., Rajendran, V., Sethumadhavan, R., and Purohit, R. (2013). AKT kinase pathway: a leading target in cancer research. ScientificWorldJournal 2013, 756134.
Kuo, H.P., Hsu, S.C., Ou, C.C., Li, J.W., Tseng, H.H., Chuang, T.C., Liu, J.Y., Chen, S.J., Su, M.H., Cheng, Y.C., et al. (2013). Ganoderma tsugae Extract Inhibits Growth of HER2-Overexpressing Cancer Cells via Modulation of HER2/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013, 219472.
Kuo, Y.J., Yang, J.S., Lu, C.C., Chiang, S.Y., Lin, J.G., and Chung, J.G. (2014). Ethanol extract of Hedyotis diffusa willd upregulates G0/G1 phase arrest and induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells by modulating caspase cascade signaling and altering associated genes expression was assayed by cDNA microarray. Environ Toxicol.
Kuok, Q.Y., Yeh, C.Y., Su, B.C., Hsu, P.L., Ni, H., Liu, M.Y., and Mo, F.E. (2013). The triterpenoids of Ganoderma tsugae prevent stress-induced myocardial injury in mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 57, 1892-1896.
Lee, J., Zhang, G., Wu, X., Xu, F., Zhou, J., and Zhang, X. (2012). Growth inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin on Bcr/Abl+ chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells involve AKT, ERK and NF-kappaB modulation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 138, 2095-2102.
Lei, L.S., and Lin, Z.B. (1992). Effect of Ganoderma polysaccharides on T cell subpopulations and production of interleukin 2 in mixed lymphocyte response. Yao Xue Xue Bao 27, 331-335.
Lieu, C.W., Lee, S.S., and Wang, S.Y. (1992). The effect of Ganoderma lucidum on induction of differentiation in leukemic U937 cells. Anticancer Res 12, 1211-1215.
Lin, C.Y., Wang, V.C., Shui, H.A., Juang, R.H., Hour, A.L., Chen, P.S., Huang, H.M., Wu, S.Y., Lee, J.C., Tsai, T.L., et al. (2009). A comprehensive evaluation of imidazole-zinc reverse stain for current proteomic researches. Proteomics 9, 696-709.
Lin, J.Y., Chen, M.L., Chiang, B.L., and Lin, B.F. (2006). Ganoderma tsugae supplementation alleviates bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization and challenge mouse model. Int Immunopharmacol 6, 241-251.
Lin, L.T., Wu, S.J., and Lin, C.C. (2013). The Anticancer Properties and Apoptosis-inducing Mechanisms of Cinnamaldehyde and the Herbal Prescription Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang ( Huang Lian Jie Du Tang) in Human Hepatoma Cells. J Tradit Complement Med 3, 227-233.
Lin, S.B., Li, C.H., Lee, S.S., and Kan, L.S. (2003). Triterpene-enriched extracts from Ganoderma lucidum inhibit growth of hepatoma cells via suppressing protein kinase C, activating mitogen-activated protein kinases and G2-phase cell cycle arrest. Life Sci 72, 2381-2390.
Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Qiu, F., and Di, X. (2011). Sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of five ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum and its related species. J Pharm Biomed Anal 54, 717-721.
Lockshin, R.A., and Zakeri, Z. (2001). Programmed cell death and apoptosis: origins of the theory. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2, 545-550.
Maddika, S., Ande, S.R., Panigrahi, S., Paranjothy, T., Weglarczyk, K., Zuse, A., Eshraghi, M., Manda, K.D., Wiechec, E., and Los, M. (2007). Cell survival, cell death and cell cycle pathways are interconnected: implications for cancer therapy. Drug Resist Updat 10, 13-29.
Malumbres, M. (2011). Physiological relevance of cell cycle kinases. Physiol Rev 91, 973-1007.
Malumbres, M., and Barbacid, M. (2007). Cell cycle kinases in cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev 17, 60-65.
Martinou, J.C., and Green, D.R. (2001). Breaking the mitochondrial barrier. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2, 63-67.
Maruyama, H., Yamazaki, K., Murofushi, S., Konda, C., and Ikekawa, T. (1989). Antitumor activity of Sarcodon aspratus (Berk.) S. Ito and Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst. J Pharmacobiodyn 12, 118-123.
Morgan, D.O. (1997). Cyclin-dependent kinases: engines, clocks, and microprocessors. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 13, 261-291.
Morigiwa, A., Kitabatake, K., Fujimoto, Y., and Ikekawa, N. (1986). Angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitory triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 34, 3025-3028.
Mothana, R.A., Jansen, R., Julich, W.D., and Lindequist, U. (2000). Ganomycins A and B, new antimicrobial farnesyl hydroquinones from the basidiomycete Ganoderma pfeifferi. J Nat Prod 63, 416-418.
Ohmori, T., Podack, E.R., Nishio, K., Takahashi, M., Miyahara, Y., Takeda, Y., Kubota, N., Funayama, Y., Ogasawara, H., Ohira, T., et al. (1993). Apoptosis of lung cancer cells caused by some anti-cancer agents (MMC, CPT-11, ADM) is inhibited by bcl-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 192, 30-36.
Ortega, S., Malumbres, M., and Barbacid, M. (2002). Cyclin D-dependent kinases, INK4 inhibitors and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1602, 73-87.
Pal, I., and Mandal, M. (2012). PI3K and Akt as molecular targets for cancer therapy: current clinical outcomes. Acta Pharmacol Sin 33, 1441-1458.
Peng, X.R., Liu, J.Q., Wang, C.F., Li, X.Y., Shu, Y., Zhou, L., and Qiu, M.H. (2014). Hepatoprotective Effects of Triterpenoids from Ganoderma cochlear. J Nat Prod 77, 737-743.
Saleh, A., Srinivasula, S.M., Acharya, S., Fishel, R., and Alnemri, E.S. (1999). Cytochrome c and dATP-mediated oligomerization of Apaf-1 is a prerequisite for procaspase-9 activation. J Biol Chem 274, 17941-17945.
Sankari, S.L., Masthan, K.M., Babu, N.A., Bhattacharjee, T., and Elumalai, M. (2012). Apoptosis in cancer--an update. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13, 4873-4878.
Saraste, A., and Pulkki, K. (2000). Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 45, 528-537.
Sherr, C.J. (1993). Mammalian G1 cyclins. Cell 73, 1059-1065.
Sherr, C.J., and Roberts, J.M. (1999). CDK inhibitors: positive and negative regulators of G1-phase progression. Genes Dev 13, 1501-1512.
Shimizu, A., Yano, T., Saito, Y., and Inada, Y. (1985). Isolation of an inhibitor of platelet aggregation from a fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 33, 3012-3015.
Siegel, R., Naishadham, D., and Jemal, A. (2013). Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 63, 11-30.
Slomovitz, B.M., and Coleman, R.L. (2012). The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as a therapeutic target in endometrial cancer. Clin Cancer Res 18, 5856-5864.
Sonoda, Y. (2014). Surgical treatment for apparent early stage endometrial cancer. Obstet Gynecol Sci 57, 1-10.
Sprick, M.R., Weigand, M.A., Rieser, E., Rauch, C.T., Juo, P., Blenis, J., Krammer, P.H., and Walczak, H. (2000). FADD/MORT1 and caspase-8 are recruited to TRAIL receptors 1 and 2 and are essential for apoptosis mediated by TRAIL receptor 2. Immunity 12, 599-609.
Su, C.Y., Shiao, M.S., and Wang, C.T. (1999). Differential effects of ganodermic acid S on the thromboxane A(2)-signaling pathways in human platelets. Biochem Pharmacol 58, 587-595.
Tasaka, K., Akagi, M., Miyoshi, K., Mio, M., and Makino, T. (1988a). Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum. (I). Inhibitory effect of oleic acid on histamine release. Agents Actions 23, 153-156.
Tasaka, K., Mio, M., Izushi, K., Akagi, M., and Makino, T. (1988b). Anti-allergic constituents in the culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum. (II). The inhibitory effect of cyclooctasulfur on histamine release. Agents Actions 23, 157-160.
Timmermans, A., Opmeer, B.C., Khan, K.S., Bachmann, L.M., Epstein, E., Clark, T.J., Gupta, J.K., Bakour, S.H., van den Bosch, T., van Doorn, H.C., et al. (2010). Endometrial thickness measurement for detecting endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 116, 160-167.
Trimarchi, J.M., and Lees, J.A. (2002). Sibling rivalry in the E2F family. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 3, 11-20.
Vanhaesebroeck, B., and Waterfield, M.D. (1999). Signaling by distinct classes of phosphoinositide 3-kinases. Exp Cell Res 253, 239-254.
Verhagen, A.M., Silke, J., Ekert, P.G., Pakusch, M., Kaufmann, H., Connolly, L.M., Day, C.L., Tikoo, A., Burke, R., Wrobel, C., et al. (2002). HtrA2 promotes cell death through its serine protease activity and its ability to antagonize inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. J Biol Chem 277, 445-454.
Viallard, J.F., Lacombe, F., Belloc, F., Pellegrin, J.L., and Reiffers, J. (2001). [Molecular mechanisms controlling the cell cycle: fundamental aspects and implications for oncology]. Cancer Radiother 5, 109-129.
Vivanco, I., and Sawyers, C.L. (2002). The phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase AKT pathway in human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2, 489-501.
Vyssokikh, M.Y., and Brdiczka, D. (2003). The function of complexes between the outer mitochondrial membrane pore (VDAC) and the adenine nucleotide translocase in regulation of energy metabolism and apoptosis. Acta Biochim Pol 50, 389-404.
Wang, G., Zhang, J., Mizuno, T., Zhuang, C., Ito, H., Mayuzumi, H., Okamoto, H., and Li, J. (1993). Antitumor active polysaccharides from the Chinese mushroom Songshan lingzhi, the fruiting body of Ganoderma tsugae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 57, 894-900.
Wang, S.Y., Hsu, M.L., Hsu, H.C., Tzeng, C.H., Lee, S.S., Shiao, M.S., and Ho, C.K. (1997). The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 70, 699-705.
Wasser, S.P. (2002). Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60, 258-274.
Wei, Y.S., Wung, B.S., Lin, Y.C., and Hsieh, C.W. (2009). Isolating a cytoprotective compound from Ganoderma tsugae: effects on induction of Nrf-2-related genes in endothelial cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 73, 1757-1763.
Xuan, H., Li, Z., Yan, H., Sang, Q., Wang, K., He, Q., Wang, Y., and Hu, F. (2014). Antitumor Activity of Chinese Propolis in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 Cells. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2014, 280120.
Yan, J., Vetvicka, V., Xia, Y., Coxon, A., Carroll, M.C., Mayadas, T.N., and Ross, G.D. (1999). Beta-glucan, a "specific" biologic response modifier that uses antibodies to target tumors for cytotoxic recognition by leukocyte complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18). J Immunol 163, 3045-3052.
Yang, H.L. (2005). Ganoderic acid produced from submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum induces cell cycle arrest and cytotoxicity in human hepatoma cell line BEL7402. Biotechnol Lett 27, 835-838.
Yu, Y.H., Kuo, H.P., Hsieh, H.H., Li, J.W., Hsu, W.H., Chen, S.J., Su, M.H., Liu, S.H., Cheng, Y.C., Chen, C.Y., et al. (2012). Ganoderma tsugae Induces S Phase Arrest and Apoptosis in Doxorubicin-Resistant Lung Adenocarcinoma H23/0.3 Cells via Modulation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2012, 371286.
Zamzami, N., and Kroemer, G. (2001). The mitochondrion in apoptosis: how Pandora''s box opens. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2, 67-71.
Zhang, H.N., and Lin, Z.B. (2004). Hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25, 191-195.
Zhao, L., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Wen, Q., and Ren, D. (2014). Phytochemical and biological activities of an anticancer plant medicine: Brucea javanica. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 14, 440-458.
Zhu, X.L., and Lin, Z.B. (2005). Effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on proliferation and cytotoxicity of cytokine-induced killer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 26, 1130-1137.
衛生福利部,我國102年死因統計分析
許瑞祥,靈芝概論,1993。
杭群,靈芝-人類健康的希望,1998。
郭漢鵬. 2011. 小蘗鹼抗乳癌細胞及其機轉之研究. 國防醫學院生命科學研究所博士論文杜昀真. 2012. 松杉靈芝萃取物對脂肪細胞 3T3-L1 的分化及脂質代謝之影響. 中國醫藥大學生物科技學系研究所碩士論文
蔡逸成. 2012. 松杉靈芝增加果蠅的壽命和行動能力. 中國醫藥大學生物科技學系研究所碩士論文
張孟珣. 2013. 靈芝萃取物抑制前列腺癌細胞生長之研究. 國立中興大學生命科學研究所碩士論文