臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

生物復育法是利用自然微生物降解污染物，具低操作成本、無二次污染等優點，而生物通氣法是生物復育法其中一種方法。本研究使用某場址風化後柴油污染土壤，殘餘濃度約5,000 mg/kg設置模場，套用自製被動式風力驅動通氣設備，利用自然風驅動系統，使得自然風進入土壤層，讓土壤層中原有微生物或引進的微生物在高氧氣濃度的環境下，進行好氧分解有機污染物。本試驗使用風化後柴油污染土壤，試驗過程中個別添加具柴油降解能力之三種微生物及適量營養鹽，添加前先以少量柴油馴化微生物，試驗組分別添加Bacillus cereus菌、Achromobacter xylosoxidans菌、Pseudomonas putida菌，研究結果顯示於試驗210日後各通氣組皆呈現明顯柴油降解趨勢，各添加單一菌株組之柴油降解率皆達到85%以上，而添加Bacillus cereus菌組採用Mann Kendall Test統計判斷Z值為-3.00，再此判斷柴油污染物降解效果最為明顯。
試驗中同時以氣泡式呼吸儀於降解期間對各組別進行土壤微生物呼吸試驗，將每週批次試驗5日累積攝氧率統計分析，做為判斷微生物活性的指標及添加營養鹽的時機，有助於受柴油污染土壤之整治。

Bioremediation utilizes natural microorganisms to degrade contaminants, with low operating costs and limit secondary pollution reveal its advantages, and bioventing is one of such bioremediation processes. In this study, the weathered diesel-contaminated soil of a polluted site with a residual concentration of around 5,000 mg/kg was placed in a simulated polluted field with self-made passive wind-driven bioventing equipment. Using a natural wind-driven system, wind was induced into the soil layer, causing native or introduced microorganisms inside to aerobically degrade organic contaminants under high oxygen concentrations. Experiments were conducted by adding three microorganisms with diesel degrading abilities each into the weathered diesel-contaminated soil sets along with suitable amounts of nutrients. The microbes, namely Bacillus cereus, Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Pseudomonas putida were first domesticated with small amounts of diesel prior to addition. Results after 210 days of experimentation showed that all bioventing sets have distinct trends of diesel degradation. Each set added with a single strain of microbes had a degradation rate of 85% and above. The Z-value obtained from the Mann Kendall Test of the Bacillus cereus set was -3.00, further determining that it has the most distinct degrading effect on diesel contaminants.
Simultaneously, a bubble respirometer was used to conduct microbial respiration tests for each set during the degradation phase. Statistical analysis was conducted by using 5-day of accumulated oxygen uptake from weekly batch experiments. Results can be used as microbial activity indicators as well as to determine the timings for nutrient addition, which is useful for the remediation of diesel-contaminated soil.

摘要 I
Abstract II
致謝 IV
總目錄 VI
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XIII
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究緣起 1
1.2研究目的 2
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1總石油碳氫化合物 3
2.2柴油 3
2.2.1柴油的物理與化學特性 3
2.2.2柴油指紋圖譜 4
2.2.3油品污染傳輸途徑 6
2.2.4油品污染的宿命 7
2.2.5油品污染物對土壤的影響 8
2.2.6油品污染物對水體的影響 9
2.2.7污染管制標準 10
2.2.8油品土壤污染相關整治技術 12
2.2.12受石油碳氫化合物污染土壤生物復育技術 15
2.2.13自然衰減(Natural attenuation) 16
2.2.14生物刺激(Biostimulation) 17
2.2.15生物強化(Bioaugmentation) 18
2.2.16土耕法(Land Farming ) 19
2.2.17生物通氣法(Bioventing) 19
2.2.18生物復育碳氫化合物之研究 22
2.3柴油降解微生物 27
2.3.1 Bacillus cereus 28
2.3.2 Achromobacter xylosoxidans 28
2.3.3 Pseudomonas putida 28
2.4微生物的二階段降解 29
2.5光學密度 31
2.6本研究團隊生物通氣法先期研究 32
2.6.1風力驅動式生物通氣模場試驗 32
2.6.2柴油馴化微生物試驗 33
2.7 土壤微生物呼吸作用 37
2.8生物泥漿法 38
2.9 氣泡式呼吸儀 39
2.9.1 氣泡式呼吸儀操作原理 39
2.9.2 呼吸儀相關研究 41
第三章 材料與方法 46
3.1研究架構 46
3.2試驗微生物 49
3.2.1菌株篩選 49
3.2.2微生物培養基 49
3.2.3菌液培養與馴化 49
3.3土壤模場設置 50
3.4通氣設備架設 52
3.5營養鹽添加 53
3.6分析方法 56
3.6.1質地分析 56
3.6.2 pH值分析 57
3.6.3元素分析 57
3.6.4柴油濃度分析 58
3.7使用藥品與分析儀器 61
3.7.1藥品 61
3.7.2 分析儀器 63
第四章 結果與討論 64
4.1土壤基本特性 64
4.2呼吸儀系統建立 65
4.3柴油風化前與風化後組成份比較 67
4.5間歇式風力驅動試驗 69
4.6生物通氣系統植菌微生物試驗 71
4.7模場土壤微生物降解柴油試驗 73
4.7.1 Mann Kendall Test判斷統計 75
4.8 GC/FID圖譜分析 83
4.8.1 Bacillus cereus 降解柴油不同時間之圖譜分析 83
4.8.2 Achromobacter xylosoxidans 降解柴油不同時間之圖譜分析 84
4.8.3 Pseudomonas putida 210 day圖譜分析 85
5.1結論 86
5.2建議 88
參考文獻 89

圖目錄
圖2.1柴油組成百分比 4
圖2.2柴油之氣相層析指紋圖譜 5
圖2.3 C17、Pristane、C18、Phytane化學結構圖 6
圖2.4大規模的非水相液體污染物污染物 9
圖 2.5污染場址判定流程圖 11
圖 2.6土壤氣體抽除法示意圖 13
圖 2.7空氣注入法示意圖 14
圖 2.8雙相抽除法示意圖 15
圖 2.9 TPH contaminated soil biodegradation plateau 錯誤! 尚未定義書籤。
圖 2.10風力驅動式生物通氣模場中各微生物試驗組中柴油濃度變化圖 33
圖 2.11各種馴化柴油濃度狀況下Achromobacter xylosoxidans降解柴油之變化圖 34
圖 2.12各種柴油濃度馴化狀況下Bacillus cereus降解柴油之變化圖 35
圖 2.13各種馴化柴油濃度狀況下Pseudomonas putida降解柴油濃度之時間變化 36
圖 2.14現地呼吸測試氣體濃度變化圖 38
圖 2.15呼吸儀原理示意圖 41
圖 2.16活性污泥中經馴化的微生物累積攝氧圖 42
圖 2.17不同萘濃度之呼吸試驗累積攝氧圖 43
圖 2.18不同濃度受機油污染土壤之生物呼吸試驗 43
圖 2.19改良生物通氣模場添加營養源後之各週次累積攝氧量變化圖 44
圖 3.1本研究架構圖 48
圖 3.2生物通氣系統示意圖(非實際比例) 51
圖 3.3生物通氣設備 52
圖 3.4土壤微生物呼吸試驗示意圖 54
圖 3.5柴油濃度檢量線 60
圖 4.1土壤質地三角分佈圖 64
圖 4.2土壤遭受污染後風化前後柴油之組成成份百分比 67
圖 4.3模場試驗桶增設通氣孔與無通氣孔之氧氣濃度比較 68
圖 4.4模場試驗桶增設通氣孔 69
圖 4.5間歇性風力驅動式生物通氣模場啟動前微生物5日累積攝氧量曲線 70
圖 4.6間歇性風力驅動式生物通氣模場啟動後微生物5日累積攝氧量曲線 71
圖4.7生物通氣模場不同植菌後210日之5日累積攝氧量變化趨勢 72
圖 4.8生物通氣法不同植菌土壤模場之柴油濃度殘餘濃度圖 74
圖 4.9 Bacillus cereus 微生物累積攝氧量與柴油降解之相關性 77
圖 4.10 Achromobacter xylosoxidans 微生物累積攝氧量與柴油降解之相關性指標 78
圖 4.11 Pseudomonas putida 微生物累積攝氧量與柴油降解之相關性 79
圖 4.12各微生物試驗組對C17、C18、Pr、Ph降解分析圖 80
圖 4.13各微生物試驗組柴油降解初始及126日前後GC圖譜比較圖 81
圖 4.14各微生物試驗組126日後柴油不同碳數成分之降解率 82
圖 4.15 Bacillus cereus組降解柴油試驗之不同時間GC圖譜 83
圖 4.17 Pseudomonas putidas組降解柴油模場試驗不同時間之圖譜 85

表目錄
表 2.1土壤污染管制標準 11
表2.2微生物產生之主要生物界面活性劑 18
表2.3風力驅動式通氣法之優缺點比較 21
表 3.1使用藥品 62
表 3.2分析儀器 63
表 4.1土壤基本性質分析 65
表4.2間歇性風力驅動式生物通氣模場啟動後土壤中氧氣濃度 70
表4.3生物通氣模場植種微生物降解柴油濃度趨勢統計分析 76

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