在台灣，古蹟與歷史建築之日式、西式木屋架，及漢人傳統建築的大木構造系統，均是影響建築結構安全的主要構造，須採取適當的方式進行保存維護。其作為歷史證物的重要性，在實質上亦表現於大木構造的匠師工法，及建築構法、形制、材料、裝飾方面，特別是木構件上豐富的彩畫，展現了傳統藝匠的極至，為彌足珍貴的史料。然而，此些保存的標的卻常因木構件損壞而須更換木料重繪，導致失去了歷史與文化的傳承。關鍵之一，即在大木構造上，他們不僅是建築的結構、具藝術價值，也是古蹟建築生命能否延續的重要指標。
為保護這些重要文化資產，在進行維護與修復前，木構造的檢測是必要的程序。當釐清損壞範圍、程度後，方能正確掌握木構造的現況，提出合宜的修復方式與流程。其中，遵循保存原則與考量不破壞材料未來有效性的考量下，透過量化的「非破壞評估」（Nondestructive Evaluation，NDE）技術診斷大木構件、評估其安全，即能滿足此種需求。
本研究從古蹟與歷史建築大木構造的損壞現象、損壞類型、損壞部位，及常用的材質與構材尺寸等進行初步探討，並針對國內常用的幾種非破壞檢測方法回顧探討，掌握各種技術的有限性與其有效性。再試圖透過基礎的實驗操作，參酌科學儀器的實用性與便利性，建立基礎資料以達到量化評估木構造的需求。而此基礎研究成果再經綜合應用最佳的流程與評估方法，最終階段即發展至足尺構材的安全診斷。研究成果對古蹟之保存及修復工程具有實質上的效益。
在針對超音波檢測技術應用於台灣古蹟大木構件的適用性探討上，本研究透過模擬木構件損壞、無缺點小試材的抗彎試驗、不同檢測方式的比較、不同外在材質可能影響超音波速的情形、施加不同壓力於換能器上是否影響波速等議題進行試驗，以評估此技術的適用性與其合理的使用範圍。結果顯示，超音波技術可以有效評估古蹟用新料，然對於舊料的評估則不具可靠性。
在鑽孔阻抗法的探討上，本研究以此技術為主進行小試體之橫向抗壓試驗。透過不同鑽孔方向與不同材料、不同木理傾斜角度之十八組試體實施鑽孔阻抗非破壞檢測後，再進行橫向抗壓試驗；並另採一組試體進行抗彎試驗。以比較鑽孔阻抗值與木材機械性質間之關係，試圖作為材質評估及足尺構材試驗之基礎資料。研究結果顯示，鑽孔阻抗值與木材機械性質之橫向抗壓強度fc、橫向抗壓彈性模數Ec及抗彎強度fb間，部分組別均有中度至高度之相關性。而阻抗值與各組橫向抗壓強度、試材密度間以迴歸分析法進行探討，均能建立良好的預測模型。在45度徑向鑽孔阻抗值與抗彎彈性模數的分析上，如再加入超音波速參數採多元迴歸法分析，能得到最佳的解釋模型。
在足尺構材的非破壞評估探討上，本研究以直徑15 cm及18 cm之足尺構材新料共40支、及足尺構材廢棄舊料共34支進行鑽孔阻抗測試及抗彎試驗，以比較阻抗值與抗彎彈性模數之關係。結果顯示，採45度徑向的鑽孔阻抗法所獲得之阻抗值與足尺構材抗彎彈性模數間具有中度至高度的相關性，表示此技術可作為古蹟大木構造評估之良好方法，實驗數據亦可作為相關研究探討之基礎。

Wooden structural frames of historical buildings in Taiwan, such as those used in wood truss houses of Japanese and western styles and the traditional buildings of the Han people, are the main structures affecting the structural safety of the buildings. In order to maintain the historical importance of the buildings, it is therefore very important to use proper methods to maintain the structures for conservation. In addition, the styles of the master carpenters are substantially expressed in the design and construction of wooden frames, the architectural forms, and the materials and decorations used in the buildings. In particular, the color-rich paintings on the wooden structural components represent the excellence of the art of traditional craftsmen and artists and are very valuable historical masterpieces. However, these objects to be preserved often need to be repainted onto new wood materials due to the damage to the old wooden components, leading to the loss of historical and cultural treasures. One of the keys to this issue is the conservation of wooden structural frames. They are not merely principal structures but are also very valuable pieces of traditional art, and represent an index of the life of historical buildings.
To preserve such important cultural properties, an inspection of the wooden structural frames is required before conservation. Only when the damaged area and degree of destruction have been located and examined, and the condition of the wooden structural frames verified, can an appropriate procedure for conservation be proposed. Following preservation principles, the use of Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques can meet the demand for assessment of structural safety without damage to the materials, which are then allowed to maintain their integrity for the future.
This study first discusses the damage appearance, types and location, and the common materials and structure material dimensions used for the wooden structural components of historical buildings. Several common NDE techniques currently used in Taiwan are then reviewed, to form an appreciation of their limitation and validity. Furthermore, this study attempts to establish useful information for quantitative evaluation of the wooden structural frame via practical experiment using scientific devices and by comparison of their practicability and convenience. The results are then optimized and applied to the structural safety analysis of full-scale structural timber to generate useful procedures for the evaluation of preservation and conservation methods for historical buildings
For the application of the ultrasonic wave testing technique for examination of wooden structural frames, this study performed static bending testing on stimulated damaged specimens or small clear specimens. Other comparisons include the differences between different testing methods, the effect of the different outer materials coated on the wooden structural frames, and the application of different pressures on the transducers of the devices for a change of ultrasonic wave velocity, which are used to evaluate effective applications and their drawbacks. The results showed that ultrasonic wave technology can be effectively used in the evaluation of new materials, but it is unreliable for the old materials used in historical buildings.
For the drill resistance method, this study tested the compression perpendicular to the grain on small clear specimens. Using nondestructive inspection, a total of 18 groups of specimens with treatments of different drilling directions, different materials and grain angles of wood were tested to find their compression perpendicular to the grain. In addition, another group of specimens was used in static bending testing. The results provide a comparison of the relationships between drilling resistance values and mechanical properties, and the information can be useful for the evaluation of wood quality and testing of full-scale structural timber. The results also revealed that drilling resistance values and several mechanical properties of wood, such as crushing strength perpendicular to the grain (fc), modulus of elasticity perpendicular to the grain (Ec), and bending strength (fb), have a medium to high correlation in some groups. Regression analysis showed that between the drill resistance values and fc of the material the density prediction models can be established for the groups. An analysis of the relationship between the 45-degree radial drilling resistance value and the modulus of elasticity in static bending showed an optimal explanation model when the variable of ultrasonic wave velocity was analyzed with multiple regression analysis.
In the nondestructive evaluation of full-scale structural timber, this study applied the drill resistance and static bending tests with 40 new timbers of 15 and 18 cm in diameters and 34 used waste ones to compare the relationship between resistance values and the modulus of elasticity in static bending tests. The results showed that the 45-degree radial drilling resistance value and the modulus of elasticity in static bending of full-scale structural timber have a medium to high correlation, showing that this technique is an excellent method for the evaluation of the wooden structural frames of historical buildings. The experiment data from this study can also form the basis of relevant research on the conservation of traditional architecture.

目 錄

表目錄
圖目錄
照片目錄
符號
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 動機與目的 1
1-1-1 木構造的歷史發展 1
1-1-2 研究動機 6
1-1-3 研究目的 8
1-2 研究範圍 9
1-2-1 非破壞檢測法 9
1-2-2 大木構造 11
1-3 初步調查 16
1-3-1 損壞調查 16
1-3-2 材質調查 20
1-3-3 尺寸調查 24
1-4 研究課題與研究流程 29
1-5 論文章節說明 31


第二章 非破壞評估回顧 33
2-1 木構造非破壞評估 35
2-1-1 NDE的定義 35
2-1-2 古蹟現場NDE的應用 38
1. 目視為主的診斷 38
2. 以儀器為主的診斷 41
2-2 聲波法 44
2-2-1 聲波法的應用 45
1. 測試立木 45
2. 木料及建築構材 46
3. 木質板材與橋樑木樑 46
4. 木樁長度的估計 46
5. 建築木構件評估 47
2-2-2 影響超音波法應用於木構材檢測的主要因子 47
1. 木理傾斜角 48
2. 含水率 49
3. 損壞 50
4. 換能器與受測構件的接觸 51
5. 換能器壓力的施加 52
2-3 鑽孔阻抗法 54
2-3-1 Resistograph的原理與發展 54
1. 發展背景 54
2. 測量方法與原理 56
3. 訊號處理與分析 59
2-3-2 鑽孔阻抗法Resistograph的應用 62
1. 木材密度的量測與樹輪評估 62
2. 立木與電桿的評估 64
3. 木構件及木質板材的評估 65
2-4 小結 67



第三章 超音波法應用於
大木構件非破壞評估適用性之探討 69
3-1 前言 69
3-2 實驗材料與方法 71
3-2-1 實驗材料 72
3-2-2 縱向超音波量測 74
1. 不同檢測方式探討 74
2. 不同類型大木構件量測 75
3. 模擬局部損壞構材量測 76
4. 廢棄圓楹分段量測 76
5. 杉木及台灣扁柏小試材試驗 77
3-2-3 徑向超音波量測 78
1. 無缺點新料之量測 78
2. 模擬批麻捉灰新料構件之量測 78
3-3 結果與討論 81
3-3-1 縱向超音波量測結果 81
1. 不同檢測方式探討 81
2. 不同類型大木構件量測結果 84
3. 模擬木構件局部損壞之量測結果 85
4. 廢棄構材及其分段與小試材量測結果 88
5. 新料小試材波速與抗彎強度關係探討 89
3-3-2 徑向超音波量測結果 92
3-4 小結 94

第四章小試體非破壞評估與橫向抗壓、抗彎實驗 97
4-1 前言 97
4-2 影響因子回顧 100
4-2-1 木材抗壓實驗 100
1. 木材性質的影響 100
2. 全面與部分橫向抗壓 102
3. 試體大小 103
4. 應力應變圖的分析 104
4-2-2 鑽孔阻抗評估 109
1. 鑽道摩擦力 109
2. 不同鑽針及耗損 111
3. 鑽取路徑 112
4. 含水率 113
4-3 實驗材料與方法 115
4-3-1 實驗材料 115
1. 試體準備 115
2. 試體尺寸與年輪走向 116
4-3-2 實驗與分析方法 119
1. 試體濕度控制及密度、年輪寬度量測 119
2. 橫向抗壓試驗 119
3. 鑽孔阻抗測試 121
4. 超音波量測 123
5. 抗彎試驗 123
6. 分析方法 124
4-4 結果與討論 129
4-4-1 初步分析 129
1. 四種不同Rst數值比較 129
2. 材質異常的影響 129
4-4-2 Rst預測扁柏小試體機械性質 133
1 扁柏900鑽取 133
2. 450鑽取 140
3. 300鑽取 142
4. Rst預測扁柏小試體綜合分析 145
4-4-3 RST預測杉木小試體機械性質 149
1. 900鑽取 149
2. 450鑽取 153
3. 300鑽取 155
4. Rst預測杉木小試體綜合分析 158
4-4-4 Rst、超音波速V與杉木機械性質之迴歸分析 161
1. 超音波速V預測抗彎彈性模數Eb 162
2. Rst預測抗彎彈性模數Eb 162
3. Rst預測抗彎強度fb 165
4. V預測橫向抗壓強度fc 167
4-4-5 多元迴歸分析 169
1. 以V及Rst45r解釋fb 169
2. 以V及Rst45r解釋fc 170
4-5 小結 172
1. 扁柏與杉木小試材實驗結果比較 172
2. 影響因子探討 173
3. Rst及V預測木材機械性質 177

第五章 足尺構材非破壞評估與抗彎實驗 179
5-1 前言 179
5-2 實驗材料與方法 181
5-2-1 實驗材料 181
1. 足尺構材新料 181
2. 足尺構材廢棄舊料 182
5-2-2 實驗與分析方法 183
1. 超音波量測 183
2. 鑽孔阻抗測試 184
3. 抗彎試驗 186
4. 分析方法 188
5-3 結果與討論 191
5-3-1足尺構材超音波速及機械性質探討 191
1. 足尺構材新料 191
2. 足尺構材新、廢棄舊料間之比較 191
3. 足尺構材新料T檢定及變異數分析 193
5-3-2 超音波速V預測抗彎彈性模數EB 197
1. 足尺構材新料 197
2. 足尺構材廢棄舊料 198
5-3-3 Rst預測足尺構材機械性質 199
1. 足尺構材新料 200
2. 足尺構材廢棄舊料 203
5-3-4 多元迴歸分析 206
1. 足尺構材新料 206
2. 足尺構材廢棄舊料 207
5-4 小結 209
1. 新、廢棄舊料超音波速及抗彎彈性模數 209
2. 超音波速預測抗彎彈性模數 210
3. Rst預測抗彎彈性模數 210
4. Rst預測抗彎強度 211
5. 多元迴歸分析 211

第六章 結論 213
6-1 綜合結論 214
1. NDE的重要性及其應用 214
2. 非破壞評估試驗結果 217
3. RST法的評估應用 221
6-2 後續研究建議 223

參考文獻 221
附錄一 初步調查案例之基本資料 235
附錄二 小試體迴歸分析結果 238

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