臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　當今少子化及人口老化之問題，加上家庭結構變遷及婦女勞動參與率上升，個人為適應如此變遷的社會，勢必反映於社會安全支出偏好，政府是否應提供老人和小孩之照顧體系成為目前重要的課題。Kotlikoff & Spivak (1981)提出結婚或組成家庭能提供風險分擔及照顧功能，因此，不同的婚姻及家庭狀態，對照顧政策會有不同的態度。然而，實證文獻中鮮少討論該態度的決定因素，亦未將家庭及婚姻與此態度連結，因此本文欲檢驗個人的婚姻家庭狀態對政府照顧責任態度之影響，並假設家庭結構越完整，家庭對政府提供之照顧需求越低，越不偏好政府提供照顧政策。
　　本文使用2006年「臺灣社會變遷基本調查」第五期第二次「家庭組」之資料，並採用序列機率模型(Ordered Probit Model)分析個人特質、家庭結構、家庭價值觀及社會經濟變數等對政府照顧老人與小孩責任態度之影響。實證結果發現，臺灣女性相對於男性較不偏好政府提供老人的醫療和照護及小孩的教育費用，但卻較偏好老人的生活需求及小孩的養育和照顧政策。婚姻狀況方面，有伴侶、已婚有偶者相較其他人，偏好政府提供老人照顧服務、但不偏好小孩照顧政策。在失去婚姻資源移轉關係後，離婚或分居者相較於單身，多偏好政府提供老人照顧政策及小孩照顧政策；然而，喪偶者卻較不偏好老人及小孩之照顧政策。不論何種婚姻狀況下，有子者多不偏好政府提供老人生活需求服務，反映出養兒防老之觀念；但就女性而言，不論何種婚姻狀況，只要有子者皆偏好政府提供小孩的養育和照顧服務，及小孩的教育費用政策。另外，家庭具有風險分攤功能，同住人數越多，越不偏好老人照顧政策，但卻較偏好政府提供小孩的照顧服務；個人特質中，年齡、自評健康、教育、生活滿意度及自營者亦為影響照顧責任偏好之重要因素。
　　綜合上述發現，本文之假說在臺灣並無法完全適用，此反映了東西文化之差異，及臺灣家庭中常存男女不同之性別角色，足以影響人們對於政府提供照顧政策之偏好態度。

Facing low birth rate and population aging, along with changes of family structure and rising female labor force participation rates in Taiwan, individuals’ preferences for social security must change to adapt such a fast-changing society. Whether the government is responsible for providing care systems for the elderly and children has become an important subject now. Kotlikoff & Spivak (1981) point out that marriage or family can provide risk-sharing functions; thus, we argue that different marriage or family status could affect individuals’ attitudes towards the government’s responsibilities for taking care of the elderly and children. However, the existing empirical literature has not paid much attention to the factors affecting the attitudes and rarely linked marriage or family structure to the attitudes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine how one’s marriage and family status influences his or her attitudes toward the government's responsibilities for taking care of the elderly and children. We hypothesize that the more complete one’s family structure is, the less likely he or she would think that it’s the government rather than family itself which has the responsibilities to provide care for the elderly and children.
This study uses the 2006 Taiwan Social Change Surveys (TSCS), Family Section, and employs an ordered probit model. The estimation results show that compared to males, females are less likely to prefer the government providing for health care of the elderly and educational expanses of children, but are more likely to prefer the government being responsible for livelihood of the elderly and upbringing of children. Compared to other marital status, those who have partners or are married, are more likely to prefer the government-based old-age care services, but are less likely to prefer the government-based children care systems. Compared to single individuals, individuals who are divorced or separated are more likely to favor the government’s elderly care systems and children care policies; however, the widowed are less likely to favor government-based old-age and children care services. People who have children do not lean towards the government-based systems for taking care of the livelihood of the elderly. It reflects the traditional concept in Chinese families that children are raised to insure against getting old. Among women, government-based systems for children upbringing and educational expenses are preferred by those with children. Besides, because family has risk-sharing functions, the size of household (the number of people living together) has negative effect on preferences for the government-based care systems for the elderly; however, individuals with more people living together are more likely to favor the government-based care systems for children.
In conclusion, our hypothesis is not fully applicable to the Taiwanese society. It reflects the differences between Eastern and Western cultures and different gender roles between husbands and wives in traditional Chinese families. These differences are important factors in shaping individuals’ attitudes towards government’s responsibilities for taking care of the elderly and children.

第一章　緒論1
第一節　研究背景1
第二節　研究動機與目的6
第三節　研究方法及架構7
第二章　文獻回顧9
第一節　所得重分配偏好9
第二節　老人與小孩照顧責任之態度11
第三節　性別、婚姻、家庭與所得重分配偏好15
第三章　理論架構與實證模型18
第一節　理論架構18
第二節　實證模型25
第四章　資料來源與變數分析29
第一節　資料來源29
第二節　變數定義31
第三節　敘述統計43
第五章　實證結果分析51
第一節　老人的醫療和照護52
第二節　老人的生活需求62
第三節　小孩的養育和照顧71
第四節　小孩的教育費用80
第六章　結論與建議87
第一節　結論87
第二節　研究限制92
第三節　政策建議93
參考文獻94

一、中文部分
行政院經濟建設委員會人力規劃處 (2010)。2010年至2060年臺灣人口推計。
何智翔與林翠芳 (2011)。我國人民對政府重分配政策偏好之探討。當代財政，第003期，第61-74頁。
柯木興 (1996)。社會保險。臺北市：中國社會保險學會。
柯瓊芳 (2002)。誰來照顧老人？歐盟各國奉養態度的比較分析。人口學刊，第24期，1-32頁。
陳玉華、伊慶春及呂玉瑕 (2000)。婦女家庭地位之研究：以家庭決策模式為例。臺灣社會學刊，第24期，1-58頁。
傅仰止與張晉芬 (2007)。臺灣社會變遷基本調查計畫第五期第二次調查計畫執行報告。臺北市：中央研究院社會學研究所。
鄭清霞與洪惠芬 (2005)。養育責任的集體分擔--公共財與外部性的分析。臺大社工學刊，第十期，55-112頁。

二、英文部分
Alesina, A., & La Ferrara, E. (2005). Preferences for redistribution in the land of opportunities. Journal of Public Economics, 89(5-6), 897-931.
Başlevent, C., Kirmanoğlu, H., & Şenatalar, B. (2010). Attitudes toward welfare state responsibilities in Turkey vs. Europe. Working paper, Murat Sertel Center for Advanced Economic Studies, Istanbul Bilgi University.
Chang, W-C. (2008). Toward independence or unification? Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy, 13(2), 1-30.
Chang, W-C. (2010). Religion and preferences for redistributive policies in an East Asian Country. Poverty & Public Policy, 2(4), 81-109.
Corneo, G., & Grüner, H.P. (2002). Individual preferences for political redistribution. Journal of Public Economics, 83(1), 83-107.
Edlund, L., Haider, L., & Pande, R. (2005). Unmarried parenthood and redistributive politics. Journal of the European Economic Association, 3(1), 95-119.
Edlund, L., & Pande, R. (2002). Why have women become left-wing? The political gender gap and the decline in marriage. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117(3), 917-961.
Hayo, B., & Ono, H. (2010). Comparing public attitudes toward providing for the livelihood of the elderly in two aging societies: Germany and Japan. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 39(1), 72-80.
Hayo, B., & Ono, H. (2011). Livelihood and care of the elderly: Determinants of public attitudes in Japan. Journal of the Japanese and International Economies, 25(1), 76-98.
Kern, H.L. (2008). The political consequences of transitions out of marriage: Do women really become more left-wing? Paper presented at the MacMillan Comparative Politics Workshop, Yale University.
Kotlikoff, L.J., & Spivak, A. (1981). The family as an incomplete annuities market. The Journal of Political Economy, 89(2), 372-391.
Wolfinger, N.H., & Wolfinger, R.E. (2008). Family structure and voter turnout. Social Forces, 86(4), 1513-1528.

三、網路資源
伊慶春 (2007)。臺灣家庭結構之變遷：九○年代以後。臺灣社會變遷全記錄，中央研究院社會學研究所。取自http://www.ios.sinica.edu.tw/TSCpedia/index.php/台灣家庭結構之變遷：九○年代以後
行政院勞工委員會，國民年金簡介。取自http://www.bli.gov.tw/sub.aspx?a=EqVSfrb7aT0%3d
苗栗縣政府，生育津貼實施辦法。取自http://www.miaoli.gov.tw/cht/newsview_snyc.php?menuID=973&forewordID=99947&secureChk=46aad1d263973166c3091e774
國立東華大學歐盟研究中心，歐盟會員國。取自http://www.eurc.ndhu.edu.tw/files/15-1082-7866,c2960-1.php
新竹市政府，生育津貼實施要點。取自http://www.hccg.gov.tw/web/FAQ?command=showDetail&postId=502752&groupId=11521
臺北市政府，就業者家庭部分托育費用補助。取自http://www.dosw.taipei.gov.tw/i/i0300.asp?pre_Code=2701017&fix_code=2701016&l1_code=27&l2_code=01
謝文元 (2010年12月)。邁向超低生育率時代－淺談臺灣少子化現象。兒盟瞭望，第3輯。取自
http://www.children.org.tw/upload/File/researcher/3vision1-1.pdf