近年來，臺灣整體女性勞動參與率呈現逐漸上升之趨勢，但各地區的女性勞動參與程度卻存在不一致的情形，而這是否意味著各地區的區域環境特性之差異將影響女性的勞動參與意願？有鑑於此，本研究結合著「縣市重要統計指標」、「人力資源調查統計年報」以及「內政統計查詢網」等資料庫在1998-2010年間的長期追蹤資料，並採用OLS與固定效果模型來對各縣市的女性與已婚女性勞動參與率進行探討。
在女性勞動參與率的各項影響因素方面，根據實證結果顯示，『離婚率』與『非婚生嬰兒比例』皆存在正面顯著之影響，這顯示出女性經濟獨立意識的抬頭；『結婚率』與『孩童扶養比』則存在負面顯著之影響，這意味著孩童扶養人口的照顧負擔與婚後產生的家庭責任將降低女性的勞動參與意願；而『失業率(落後一期)』也透過「勞動沮喪效果」對女性勞動參與意願產生負面顯著之影響；此外，『產業結構』對女性勞動參與率也存在顯著之影響。在已婚女性勞動參與率的各項影響因素方面，『孩童扶養比』與『產業結構』的影響與女性勞動參與率之估計結果一致；而『社會增加率』呈現正面顯著之影響，這代表著能夠透過縣市間的遷移，來選擇就業條件較佳之縣市，以提升已婚女性的勞動參與意願；『女性大學以上比例』則呈現負面顯著之影響，這可能是因為教育程度較高之女性，其配偶之教育程度也會較高，因此當丈夫的薪資水準愈高時，將對已婚女性之勞動參與意願產生負面影響。

In recent years, the overall female labor force participation rate in Taiwan has presented an upward trend, but the increase in the female labor force participation rate among the counties have been inconsistent. To probe this circumstance, this study uses the panel data of 23 counties from the Statistical Yearbook Issued by Each County, the Yearbook of Manpower Survey Statistics and the Statistical Yearbook of the Interior over the period 1998-2010 to estimate the effects of regional characteristics on female labor force participation rate and female labor force participation rate of married women by applying the OLS regression model and the fixed effect model.
The main empirical results of female labor force participation rate can be summarized as follows. First, the estimated effects of divorce rate and out-of-wedlock birth rate are positive and significant; these effects represent the rise of women economic independence. Second, the estimated effects of marriage rate and youth dependency ratios are negative and significant because of the responsibilities of child rearing and household management. Third, the lagged unemployment rate yields a negative and significant influence through the discourage worker effect. Finally, female labor force participation rate remains determined to a significant extent by the industrial structure.
The main empirical results of female labor force participation rate of married women are: First, the influences of youth dependency ratios and industrial structure are consistent with the estimated effects in female labor force participation rate. Second, net migration rate has a positive and significant effect; this effect implies that married women choose a region with the better employment conditions to boost her labor force participation through the migration behavior. Finally, the percentage of college degree and over among married women has a negative and significant effect. Since high educated women are relatively more likely to marry high educated men, husband’s higher earnings produce an income effect that lowers wife’s work incentives.

目錄
第一章 緒論 ....................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的 ...........................................1
第二節 研究方法與步驟 ...........................................4
第二章 文獻回顧 ................................................5
第一節 婚姻狀況 ................................................5
第二節 生育決策 ................................................8
第三節 孩童扶養 ................................................9
第四節 教育程度 ...............................................10
第五節 女性工資率與家庭所得 .....................................11
第六節 勞動市場條件 ............................................13
第七節 經濟發展與產業結構 .......................................13
第八節 公共政策 ...............................................15
第三章 資料來源與敘述統計分析 ...................................17
第一節 資料來源 ...............................................17
第二節 變數說明 ...............................................18
第四章 實證結果 ...............................................25
第一節 女性勞動參與率之OLS與固定效果模型的估計結果 .................26
第二節 已婚女性勞動參與率之OLS與固定效果模型的估計結果 ..............26
第五章 結論與建議 ..............................................33
第一節 結論 ...................................................33
第二節 政策建議 ...............................................36
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議 ...................................36
參考文獻 .......................................................37
中文部份 .......................................................37
英文部分 .......................................................37

表目錄
表3-1、變數預期方向 .............................................22
表3-2、變數定義 ................................................23
表3-3、變數敘述性統計 ...........................................24
表4-1、女性勞動參與率之OLS估計結果 ................................28
表4-2、女性勞動參與率之固定效果模型估計結果 .........................29
表4-3、已婚女性勞動參與率之OLS估計結果 ............................31
表4-4、已婚女性勞動參與率之固定效果模型估計結果 .....................32
表5-1、女性勞動參與率之實證結果的比較 ..............................35

圖目錄
圖一 性別勞動參與率之歷年趨勢 ......................................1
圖二 臺灣以及各地區女性勞動參與率之歷年趨勢 ..........................2

參考文獻

中文部分：
邱榮輝 (1982)，「臺灣婦女勞動參與和生育率」，《臺灣銀行季刊》，33(4)，225-242。
吳家聲與常慧娟 (1995)，「臺灣地區已婚婦女再就業之研究」，《臺灣銀行季刊》，46(3)，139-158。
張素梅 (1978)，「臺灣都市生育水準對婦女勞動參與行為的影響」，《經濟論文叢刊》，8，227-273。
張素梅 (1988)，「婦女勞動參與率的研究─聯立模型分析」，《經濟論文叢刊》，16(2)，175-195。
陳婉琪與吳慧靖 (2011)，「女性就業與離婚風險」，《人口學刊》，42，81-114。
郭祐誠與林佳慧 (2012)，「勞動市場條件對結婚率下降之影響」，《人口學刊》，44，87-124。
黃芳玫、翁任嬋與黃芳雅 (2009)，「女性勞動參與之研究─1980-2005」，《臺灣經濟預測與政策》，39(2)，1-50。
羅紀琼 (1986)，「已婚婦女勞動參與的再思」，《經濟論文叢刊》，14(1)，113-130。

英文部分：
Angrist, J., & Evans, W. N. (1996), “Schooling and labor market consequences of the 1970 state abortion reforms,” NBER Working Paper W5406.
Angrist, J. D., & Evans, W. N. (1998), “Children and their parents’ labor supply: evidence from exogenous variation in family size,” American Economic Review, 88(3), 450-477.
Agüero, J. M., & Marks, M. S. (2008), “Motherhood and female labor force participation: evidence from infertility shocks,” American Economic Review, 98(2), 500-504.
Attanasio, O., Low, H., & Sanchez-Marcos, V. (2008), “Explaining changes in female labor supply in a life-cycle model,” American Economic Review, 98(4), 1517-1552.
Becker, G. S. (1965), “A theory of the allocation of time,” The Economic Journal, 75(299), 493-517.
Becker, G. S. (1974), “A theory of marriage part II,” Journal of Political Economy, 82, 11-26.
Becker, G. S. (1977), “A treatise on the family,” Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Blaug, M. (1980), “The methodology of economics,” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boskin, M. J., & Sheshinski, E. (1983), “Optimal tax treatment of the family: married couples,” Journal of Public Economics, 20(3), 281-297.
Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G., & Finlay, J. E. (2009), “Fertility, female labor force participation, and the demographic dividend,” Journal of Economic Growth, 14, 79-101.
Cheng, B. S. (1999), “Cointegration and causality between fertility and female labor participation in Taiwan: a multivariate approach,” Atlantic Economic Journal, 27(4), 422-434.
Cox, A.C., & Hermsen, J. M. (1996), “The effect of employment opportunities on U.S. women’s marriage rates: a metropolitan area analysis,” Paper presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meetings, New York Hilton and Sheraton New York, August 16-20, New York.
Cebula, R. J., & Coombs, C. K. (2008), “Recent evidence on factors influencing the female labor force participation rate,” Journal of Labor Research, 29, 272-284.
Edin, P. A., & Gustavsson, M. (2001), “Time out of work and skill depreciation,” mimeo, Uppsala University.
Euwals, R., Knoef, M., & Vuuren, D. V. (2011), “The trend in female labour force participation: what can be expected for the future?,” Empirical Economics, 40, 729-753.
Gronau, R. (1988), “Sex-related wage differentials and women’s interrupted careers─the chicken or the egg,” Journal of Labor Economics, 6(3), 277-301.
Goldin, C. (1990), Understanding the gender gap. New York: Oxford University Press.
Goldin, C. (1995), “The U-shaped female labor force function in economic development and economic history,” in T. Paul Schultz, ed. Investment in Women’s Human Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hartog, J., & Theeuwes, J. (1985), “The emergence of the working wife in Holland,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 235-255.
Hotchkiss, J. L. (2006), “Changes in behavioral and characteristic determination of female labor force participation, 1975-2005,” Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review, 91, 1-20.
Johnson, W. R., & Skinner, J. (1986), “Labor supply and marital separation,” American Economic Review, 76, 455-469.
Jaumotte, F. (2003), “Female labour force participation: past trends and main determinants in OECD countries,” OECD working paper, 30.
Koreman, S., & Neumark, D. (1992), “Marriage, motherhood, and wages,” Journal of Human Resourse, 27(2), 233-255.
Klaauw, W. (1996), “Female labour supply and marital status decisions: a life-cycle model,” Review of Economic Studies, 63, 199-235.
Kalist, D. E. (2004), “Abortion and female labor force participation: evidence prior to Roe v. Wade,” Journal of Labor Research, 25, 503-514.
Layard, R., Barton, M., & Zabalza, A. (1980), “Married women’s participation and hours,” Economica, 47, 51-72.
Lichter, D. T., LeClere, F. B., & McLaughlim, D. K. (1991), “Local marriage markets and the marital behavior of black and white women,” American Journal of Sociology, 96(4), 843-867.
Michael, R. T. (1985), “Consequences of the rise in female labor force participation rate: questions and probes,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 117-146.
Mammen, K., & Paxson, C. (2000), “Women’s work and economic development,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 141-164.
Ondrich, J., Spiess, C. K., Yang, Q., & Wagner G. G. (1998), “The liberalization of maternity policy and the return to work after childbirth in Germany,” Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper, 21, Bonn, Germany: IZA.
Peters, H. E. (1986) “Marriage and divorce: international constraints and private contracting,” American Economic Review, 76, 437-454.
Parkman, A. M. (1992) “Unilateral divorce and the labor-force participation rate of married women, revisited,” American Economic Review, 76(3), 437-454.
Ruhm, C. J. (1998), “The economic consequences of parental leave mandates: lesson from Europe,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(1), 285-317.
Ribero, R. (2000), “Family structure, fertility and child quality in Colombia,” Yale University center discussion paper, NO.818.
Sander, W. (1985) “Women, work, and divorce,” American Economic Review, 75(3), 519-523.
Smith, J., & Ward, M. (1985) “Time-series growth in the female labor force,” Journal of Labor Economics, 3, 59-90.
Stephens, M. (2002), “Worker displacement and the added worker effect,” Journal of Labor Economics, 20(3), 504-537.
Triest, R.K. (1990), “The effect of income taxation on labour supply in United States,” The Journal of Human Resources, 25(3), 491-516.