臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近幾年全球經濟景氣差，台灣也受此波及，以2010年6月份失業率為5.16%，雖然赴大陸工作薪資吸引力已不如前，但有許多求職者因台灣就業機會減少及看好大陸經濟發展趨勢，積極地尋求登陸就職機會。台灣約每10人之中有1人之任職地為大陸，工作機會也相對會越趨競爭，對於以大陸工作環境為長期職涯的台幹來說，究竟哪些就業力是有助於其抉擇的呢？
本研究之主要目的為：一、台幹就業力對留任大陸之職涯抉擇的影響。二、台幹就業力在量化與質化人力資本對於大陸職涯抉擇的影響那一個較為重要。
本研究對象為在大陸工作的台籍幹部，以透過人際網絡及台幹名單進行便利抽樣，回收132份有效問卷，研究結果發現如下：
一、就業力對於留任、轉換台商、轉換陸商、轉換外商、自行創業有顯著正向關
係。
二、質化人力資本於轉換台商、轉換陸商、轉換外商、自行創業有顯著正向關係。
三、量化人力資本對於回任的影響力大於質化人力資本。
四、質化人力資本對於轉換台商、轉換陸商、轉換外商、自行創業及留任，均高
於量化人力資本。

The global has experienced economic slowdown in recent years, Taiwan has been affected as well. The unemployment rate in Taiwan was 5.16% in June 2010. Although the salary for working in Mainland is not as attractive as before, there are still many job seekers eagerly looking for the opportunity work in Mainland not only because of decreasing employment opportunities in Taiwan, but also optimistic perspective about the trend of booming economy for Mainland China. Approximately, in every 10 Taiwanese will have 1 person to be assigned working in mainland, the local job market will become more competitive to the Taiwanese, who plan to work in mainland for their future career. Which competencies will be beneficial for making their career decision?
The propose of this study are as folows: what kind of employability affect Taiwanese managers to develop their career in China. Which is more importment factor, quantitative or qualitative of human capital?
The subject of this study is Taiwanese expatriates in Mainland China. The questionnaire were distributed and collected through e-mail. 132 valied samples were returned and the results showed as follows,
1.Employability is positive related to retain in cureent organization, transfer to another Taiwanese company, local company, foreign company, or start a new business.
2.The qualitative of human capital is positive related to retain in cureent organization, transfer to another Taiwanese company, local company, foreign company, or start a new business.
3.The quantitative of human capital affect more the tendency of returning home country than the qualitative.
4.The relationships between qualitative of human capital, the tendency of tranfering to another Taiwanese company, local company, foreign company, start a new business, and retention in current organization are higher than the qualitative’s.

目 錄
摘 要I
目 錄III
表目錄IV
圖目錄V
第壹章 緒論1
第一節 研究背景1
第二節 研究動機4
第三節 研究目的7
第四節 研究流程8
第貳章 文獻探討10
第一節 外派相關研究10
第二節 就業力16
第三節 質化人力資本24
第四節 生涯抉擇30
第參章 研究方法35
第一節 研究假設及研究架構35
第二節 研究變項之操作型定義與衡量工具36
第三節 研究對象與樣本分析41
第四節 資料分析方法46
第肆章 研究結果52
第一節 相關分析52
第二節 就業力與生涯抉擇之影響56
第三節 質化的人力資本與量化人力資本影響力之比較62
第伍章 結論與建議64
第一節 研究結論64
第二節 研究建議68
第三節 研究限制69
參考文獻70

一、中文文獻
Stanleyworke,2009。轉載自中華英才網； http://blog.yam.com/stanleyworker/article/20326745)
仇福寧(2008)。臺灣、日本外派大陸地區主管家庭支持度與離職傾向兼論文化差異之干擾影響。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
王偉安(2008)。台商外派人員離職傾向之影響因素研究－兩岸直航下距離的衝擊探索。國立中央大學資訊管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
台幹離不開大陸？ 僅8%選擇回流。104人力銀行：「提前西進卡位」與「躋身亞洲核心」是新中國吸引力，2007.12.12。取自http://www.104.com.tw/cfdocs/2000/pressroom/104news961212.htm)
白占平(2005)。外派大陸人員工作特性與適應性之相關研究－以壽險業外派離職人員為例。朝陽科技大學保險金融管理系碩士論文，未出版。
仲濟文(2004)。我國派外經理人的派外意願與派外適應關係之研究。國立成功大學工學院工程管理專班碩士論文，未出版。
行政院主計處(2010)。99年5月人力資源調查統計結果。http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=27329&ctNode=2858.
吳長恩(2003)。影響管理碩士生職業選擇意向與西進大陸意願的因素之研究。國立臺灣海洋大學航運管理學系碩士論文，未出版。
吳俊霆(2006)。高科技產業員工成就動機、個人生涯規劃對海外派遣至中國大陸意願關係之研究。國立嘉義大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
吳堅傑(2005)。海外派遣之回任管理、回任適應與工作態度之相關性研究。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
宋志勇(2008)。人力資源管理措施對大陸台商外派人員組織承諾及離職傾向影響之研究。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版。
李仲明(無日期)。大陸台幹的管理問題與改善對策。http://www.or.com.tw/MZ/down_mz_7/down_mz_7-66.htm。本文部分摘自台商張老師闌永新之“大陸台商人事管理”及參考“臺灣同胞投資保護法實施條例”。
李俊輝(2007)。影響外派意願因素之研究-以越南台商為例。義守大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
李俐婷(2006)。外派人員回任意願決定因素之研究─以台商外派至大陸人員為例。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
李秋燕(1999)。台灣企業外派大陸人員人格特質、生涯發展傾向、駐外動機及駐外適應對留任意願之研究。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
李嫺柔(2007)。海外派遣主管工作動機對外派績效之比較研究。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所博士論文，未出版。
李學成(2007)。工作滿足、工作價值觀與離職傾向之關聯性研究－台商外派大陸人員為例。義守大學工業工程與管理學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
周莉萍(1995)。派外人員返國調適與留職意願之研究。國立政治大學國際貿易學系碩士論文，未出版。
林士為(2006)。產業西進大陸政策對海外派遣人員留任意願之研究－以C公司為例。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
林詩敏(2006)。中年女性職場轉換之經驗與學習研究－以兒童補教業為例業。國立台灣師範大學社會教育研究所碩士論文，未出版。　
胡艾蒂(2002)。外派人員返任適應歷程之研究-以組織文化之觀點。國立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
孫忠凱(2003)。員工特質對外派意願之影響。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
翁麒翔(2006)。心理契約與外向性對派外調適與離職意向之影響研究。東吳大學國際貿易學系碩士論文，未出版。
常書婉(2001)。我國企業派外人員回任適應之影響因素與工作表現之探討。國立海洋大學航運管理學系碩士論文，未出版。
張得聰(1999)。運用焦點解決法於成人生涯轉換諮商效果之研究。國立台灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系博士論文，未出版。
張維倫(2007)。影響外派意願之個人及組織因素研究。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版。
莊金山(2006)。人格特質、生涯管理、駐外報償管理和工作滿足對派外意願之關聯性研究--以紡織業為例。南台科技大學高階主管企管碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
許心怡(2005)。國內某大學理工學院研究生之家庭因素、成就動機因素對海外派遣意願之研究。國立嘉義大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
許淳涵(2008)。外派人員組織社會化程度、工作滿意度與離職傾向關係之研究─以全新跨國企業為例。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
郭俊賢(2000)。影響企業女性海外派遣態度之相關因素研究－以在台灣之多國籍企業為例。大葉大學工業關係研究所碩士論文，未出版。
陳佩榆(2005)。外派經理人之知識、技術、能力（KSAs）與心理契約及離職傾向關係之研究。立德管理學院國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
陳明萱(1994)。我國海外派遣人員歸任調適之研究。文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
陳建融(2008)。成就動機、個人生涯發展管理與海外派遣意願之研究一以某大學管理學院學生為例。國立嘉義大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
陳振武(2003)。派外人員之派遣方式對離職傾向之影響兼論組織激勵之干擾作用。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
陳碧鳳(2002)。派外人員報償結構、員工回任管理與工作態度、離職傾向之研究-以派駐大陸地區人員為例。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版。
傅文泉(2007)。回任協助、工作滿意、家庭因素與生涯發展之關聯性－以政府某機關外派人員為例。中原大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，未出版。　
彭光台；高月慈；林鉦棽(2006)。管理研究中的共同方法變異：問題本質、影響、測試和補救。管理學報，23(1),77-98。
曾翠緣(2003)。員工個人特質與成就動機影響員工海外派遣態度之研究。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士論文，未出版。
游璧碩(2005)。生涯導向、外派激勵制度認知、外派動機與生涯抉擇傾向間關係之研究-以派至大陸員工為例。國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系碩士論文，未出版。
程正方(2006)。外派適應影響因素對工作績效及離職傾向之研究。國立成功大學工學院工程管理專班碩士論文，未出版。
童秉慧(2008)。外派回任人員離職傾向之跨層次研究。靜宜大學管理碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版。
黃佳李(2006)。回任機制、組織信任與工作滿意對外派回任人員知識分享之影響。國立交通大學管理學院碩士在職專班管理科學組碩士論文，未出版。
黃麗珍(2001)。外派政策滿意度、海外適應與留職承諾之關係探討。國立東華大學國際企業研究所碩士論文，未出版。
黃耀賢(2002)。企業員工赴大陸工作意願影響因素之探討：以工作-家庭衝突為主軸。國立台灣科技大學企業管理系碩士論文，未出版。
經濟部投資審議委員會(2010)。99年6月核准僑外投資、陸資來臺投資、國外投資、對中國大陸投資統計速報。上網日期：2010年7月20日。網址：http://www.moeaic.gov.tw/.
葉明戈(1997)。台灣企業外派大陸人員留任意願之研究。中國文化大學國際企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
裴善康(2004)。台商派外人力資源管理實務、組織公民行為、工作績效與離職傾向之研究─心理契約之中介效應。義守大學工業工程與管理學系碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
趙聚文(2006)。回任措施對員工外派回任後組織承諾的影響-以人格特質為干擾變數。大同大學事業經營學所碩士論文，未出版。
潘鴻文(2005)。高科技產業個人生涯規劃、組織生涯管理對海外派遣意願關係之研究。國立嘉義大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
蔡俊宏(2007)。海外回任人員回任後之適應問題探討 ──以M銀行為例。中原大學國際貿易研究所碩士論文，未出版。
蔡淇宏(2008)。員工跨文化知能對外派任務意願影響之實證研究─以補教業為例。大葉大學國際企業管理學系碩士在職專班碩士論文，未出版。
駱奇宗(2004)。影響台商外派大陸人員離職因素之探討--離職與在職人員之差異性。銘傳大學管理學院高階經理碩士學程碩士論文，未出版。　
戴谷霖(2005)。技職體系學生生涯轉變之決定與歷程研究──一段探索與發現自我的冒險旅程。國立雲林科技大學技術與職業教育研究所碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
鍾憶慈(2007)。派外人員組織支持性知覺.派外適應與留任意願關係之研究:以越南台商為例。國立高雄應用科技大學人力資源發展系碩士班碩士論文，未出版。
魏煒圻(2001)。高科技產業派外、訓練與回任之現況研究。國立台灣科技大學管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
羅智瑋(2008)。生涯定向、回任管理與外派意願相關性分析。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。
羅智瑋(2008)。生涯定向、回任管理與外派意願相關性分析。中原大學企業管理研究所碩士論文，未出版。

二、英文文獻
Abueva, J. E.(2000).Many repatriations, at huge cost to companies. New York Times, May, 17:E1.
Anakwe, U., Hall, J., & Schor, S.(2000).Knowledge-related skills and effective career management.International Journal of Manpower, 21(7). 566-579.
Arthur, M. B., & Rousseau, D. M.(Eds.). (1996). The boundaryless career: A new employment principle for a new organizational era. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Arthur, M. B., Claman, P. H., & DeFillippi, R. J.,1995.Intelligent enterprise, intelligent careers. Academy of Management Executive, 9: 7-22.
Arthur, M. B., Inkson, K., & Pringle, J. K.(1999). The new careers: Individual action and economic change. London: Sage Publications.
Ashford, S. J., & Cummings, L. L.(1983). Feedback as an individual resource: Personal strategies of creating information. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance.32, 370-398.
B.I.J.M. Heijden, A.H. Lange, E. Demerouti, C.M. Heijde. (2009).Age effects on the employability-career success relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74 (2),156-164.
Baddeley, A. (1992).Working memory: The interface between memory and cognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4, 281-288.
Bagshaw, M.(1997). Employability - creating a contract of mutual investment. Industrial and Commercial Training, 29(6), 187 – 189
Baker, T., & Aldrich, H. E.(1996). Prometheus stretches: Building identity and cumulative knowledge in multi-employer careers. In M. G. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless careers: 132-149. New York: Oxford University Press.
Bandure, A.(1997). Self-efficuacy: The exercise of control. New Yark: Freeman.
Bateman, T., & Crant, J.(1993).The proactive component of organizational behavior.Journal of Organizational Behavior,14,103-108.
Berlyne, D. E.(1960).Conflict, arousal, and curiosity. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Boerlijst, J. G., Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M., & Van Assen, A.(1993). Veertigplussers in de onderneming [ Over-forties in the organization]. Assen: Van Gorcum/Stichting Management Studies.
Boud, D.,Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (1985).Promoting reflection in learning: A model. In D. Boud, R. Keogh, & D. Walker (Eds.), Reflection: Turning experience into learning (pp. 18-40). London: Kogan Page.
Bray, D. W.,& Howard, A.(1983).The AT&T longitudinal study of manager. In K. W. Shaie(Ed.),Longitudinal study of adult psychological bevelopment. New York: Guilford Press.
Brett, J. F. & Atwater, L. E. (2001)360° feedback: Accuracy, reactions, and perceptions of usefulness.Journal of Applied Psychology. 86, 930-942.
Brid, A (1996). Careers as repositories of Knowledge:Considerations for boundaryless careers. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career：150-168. New York:Oxford University Press.
Briscoe, J. P.,& Hall, D. T. (2005).Protean and boundaryless career assessment collection. Boston, MA: Unpublished, copyrighted scale collection.
Brousseau, K. R. M. J. Driver , Eneroth, K., & Lareaaon, R.(1996). Career pandemonium:Realiging organizations and individuals.Academy of Management Executive,10(4):52-66.
Brutus, Ruderman, Ohlott & McCauley.(2000). Developing from Job Experiences: The Role of Organization-Based Self-Esteem.Human Resource Development Quarterly. 11(4),376-380.
Brutus, S., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & McCauley, C.(2000).Developing from job experiences: The role of organization-based self esteem. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 11, 367-380.
Bunker, K. A. & Webb, A. D.(1992). Learning how to learn from experience: Impact od stress and coping (Report no.154). Greensboro, NC:Center for Creative Leadership.
Cox, C. J., & Cooper, C. L.,(1998). High flyers: An anatomy of managerial success. New York: Blackwell.
Crant, J.(2000).Proactive behaveior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435-462.
Cuiford, J. P.(1965).Fundamental statistic in psychology and education. New York：McGraw-Hill.
Daudelin, M. W.(1996). Leading from experience through reflection.Orangizational Dynamics, 23,36-48.
DeFillippi, R. J., & Arthur, M. B.(1996). Boundaryless contexts and careers: A competency-based perspective. In M. B. Arthur & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), The boundaryless career (pp. 116–131). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Defillippi, R., & Arthur, M.(1994). The boundaryless career: A competency-based perspective.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15(5), 307.
DeRue, D. C., & Wellman, N. (2009). Developing Leaders via Experience:The Role of Developmental Challenge, Learning Orientation, and Feedback Availability. Journal of Applied Psychology,94 (4),859-875.
DeRue,D. S., Nahrgang, J. D., & Hollenbeck, J. R. (2008).Quantity or quality? The impact of work experience on managerial job performance. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, Anaheim, CA.
Dewey, J.(1983) Experience and education. New York: Macmillan.
DuCette, J.,& Wolk, S.(1973).Cognitive and motivational correlates of generalized expectancies for control.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26,420-426.
Dutton, Lindsay, McQuaid, Ronald W. (2007). New approaches to employability in the UK: combining ‘human capital development’ and ‘work first’ strategies? Journal of Social Policy, 36 (4), 539–560.
Eby, L. T., & Buch, K.(1995). Job loss as career growth: Responses to involuntary career transitions.The Career Development Quarterly, 44(1).
Eby, L. T., Butts, M., & Lockwood, A. (2003).Predictors of success in the era of the boundaryless career.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24(6), 689.
Eden, D., & Aviram, A.(1993). Self-efficacy training to speed reemployment: Helpong people to help themselves.Journal of Applied Psychology. 78(3), 352-360.
Felbman, D. C. & Ng, T. W. H. (2007). Careers: Mobility, embeddedness and success. Journal of Management, 33(3),350-377.
Fiedler, F. E., & Garcia, J. E.(1987). New approaches to effective leadership: Cognitive resources and organizational performance. New York: Wiley.
Finn, D. (2000). From full employability: A new deal for Britain’s unemployed? International Journal of Manpower, 21(5), 348-399.
Forrier, A., & Sels, L(2003). The concept employability: A complex mosaic. International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management, 3, 102-124.
Fugate, Kinicki, Aahforth. (2004). Employability: A psycho-social construct, its dimensions, and applications. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 14-38.
Garavan, T.(1999).Employability, the emerging new deal? Journal of European Industrial Training, 23( 1).
Gattiker, U. E., & Larwood, L.(1986). Subjective career success: a study of managers and support personnel. Journal of Buessiness and Psychology, 1,78-94.
Gillen, D. J., & Carroll, S. J.(1985).Relationship of managerial ability to unit effectiveness in more organic versus more mechanistic departments. Journal of Management Studies, 22, 668-676.
Graham, J. L.(1983).Brazillian, Japanese, and American business negotiations. Journal of International Business Studies, 14, 47-61.
Hall, D. T., Briscoe, J. P., & Kram, K. E.(1997). Identity, values and learning in the protean career. In C. L. Cooper & S. E. Jackson (Eds.), Creating tomorrow’s organizations (pp. 321-332). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Hall, D. T.,(1996).Protean career of the 21st century. The Academy of Management Executive, 10 (4), 8-16.
Hall, D. T.,(2004). The protean career : A quarter-century. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1),
Hanisch, K. (1999). Job Loss and Unemployment Research from 1994 to 1998: A Review and Recommendations for Research and Intervention. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(2) ,188-220.
Harter, S.(1990).Proccesses underlying adolescent self-concept formation. In R. Montemayor, G. R. Adams, & T. P. Gullota (Eds.), From childhood to adolescence (pp. 205-239). Sage, CA: Newbury Park.
Honey, P.,& Mumford, A.(1989). The meanual of learning opportunities, Berkshire, England: Peter Honey.
Ilgen, D. R., Fisher, C. D.,& Taylor, M. S. (1979).Consequences of individual feedback on behavior in organizations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64,348-371.
Jackson, P. R., & Wall, T. D.(1991). How does operator control enhance performance of advanced manufacturing technology? Ergonomics, 34, 1301-1311.
Jacobs, T. O., & Jaques, E.(1987). Leadership in complex systems.In J. Zeidner (Ed.), Human productivity enhancement (pp.7-65).New York: Praeger.
Jahoda, M.(1982). Employment and unemployment: A social-psychological analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Jaskolka, G., Beyer, J. M., & Trice, H. M.(1985).Measuring and prediciting managerial success.Journal of Vocational Behavior, 26,189-205.
Jepsen, D.A.,& Dilley, J.S. (1974). Vocational decision-making models: A review and comparative analysis. Review of Educational Research, 44(3), 331-349.
Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D.(1995).An empirical invertigation of the predictors of career success. Personnel Psychology, 48, 485-519.
Kanfer, R., & Ackerman, P. L. (1989).Motivation and cognitive abilities:An integrative/aptitude-treament interaction approach to skill acquisition. Journal of Applied Psychology. 74, 657-690.
Kanfer, R., Wanberg, C. R., & Kantrowitz, T. M.(2001). Job search and employment: A personality-motivational analysis and meta-analytic review. Journal of Applied Psychology. 86(5), 837-855.
Kelleher, D., & Finestone, P., & Lowy, A.(1986). Managerial learning: First notes from an unstudied frontier. Group and Organizational Studyies,11,169-202.
Kluger, A. N.,& DeNisi, A.(1996). The effects of feedback interventions on performance: A historical review, a meta-analysis, and a preliminary feedback intervention theory. Psycological Bulletin, 119,254-284.
Knowles, M. (1975).Self-directed learning.Chicago: Follet.
Kolb, D. A.(1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Kolb, D. A.(1984).Experiental learning: Experience as the source of learning and bevelopment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall.
Latack, J. C., & Dozier, J. B. (1986). After the an falls: Job loss as a career transition. Academy of Management Review, 11, 375-392.
Lazarova, M. & Tarique, I.(2005). Knowledge transfer upon repatriation. Journal of World Business-Elsevier.
Lazarus, R., & Folkman, S.,(1984).Stress, appraisal and coping. New York : Springer.
Lips-Wiersma, M., & Mcmorland, J.(2006). Finding meaning and purpose in boundaryless career: A framework for study and practice. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 46(2), 147-167.
London, M.(1993).Relationships between career motivation, empowerment and support for career development.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 66, 55-69.
London, M., & Mone, E. M. (1999).Continuous learning.In D. R. Ilgen & E. D. Pulakos(Eds.),The changing nature of performance: Implications for staffing, motivation, and development(pp.119-153). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lowell, E. L.(1952).The effect of need for achievement on learning and speed of performance.Journal of Psychology, 33(3),1-40.
Maki, R. H.(1998).Testing predictions over text material. In D. J. Hacker, J. Dunlosky, & H. C. Greaesser (Eds.), Metacognition in educational theory and practice (pp.117-144). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, L.(1990).Informal and incidental learning in the workplace. New York: Praeger.
Marsick, V. J.,&Watkins, K. E.(1990).Informal and incidental learning in the workplace. New York:Routledge.
Maybery, M., Bain, J., & Halford, G.(1986).Information processing demands of transitive interference. Journal of Experimental Psy Journal ofchology: Learning, Memory, and Journal of Cognition,12,400-413.
McArdle, S., Waters, L., Briscoe, J. P.,& Hall. D. T.(2007). Employability during unemployment: Adaptability, career identity and human and social capital. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 247-264.
McCall, M. W.(1994).Identifying leadership potential in international executives: Developing a concept. Consulting Psyology Journal,46,49-63.
McCall, M. W., & Hollenbeck, G. P.(2002). Developing global executives: The lessons of international experience. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
McCall, M. W.,(1998). High flyers: Developing the next generation of leaders. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
McCall, M. W.,(2004).Leardership development through experience.Academy of Managerment Executive, 18,127-130.
McCall, M. W.,, Lombardo, M. M.,& Morrison, A. M.(1988).The lessons of experience: How successful executives develop on the job. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
McCall, M. W.,Lombardo, M. M.,& Morrison, A. M.(1988). The lesson of experience: How successful executive bevelop on the job. San Francisco: New Lexington Press.
McCauley, C. D. (2001).Leader training and development.In S. J. Zaccaro & R. J. Klimosli (Eds.), The nature of organizational leardership (pp.347-383). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McCauley, C. D., Ohlott, P. J., & Ruderman, M. N.(1999). Job challenge profile: Facilitator’s guid. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J., & Morrow, J. E.(1994). Assessing the developmental componenets of managerial jobs. Journal of Applied Psychology. 79, 544-560.
McCauley, C. D., Ruderman, M. N., Ohlott, P. J.,& Morrow, J. E.(1994). Assessing the development components of managerial jobs. Journa of Applied Psychology,79,544-560.
McClelland, D. C.(1967).Achieving society. New York: Free Press.
McEnrue, M. P.(1988). Length of experience and the performance of managers in the establishment phase of their careers. Academy of Management Journal,31,175-185.
McIntosh, N. J.(1991).Identification and investigation of properties of social support. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 12, 201-217.
McIntosh, N.(1991).Identification and investigation of properties of social support. Journal of Organizational Behavior,201-217.
McKee-Ryan, F. M., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J.(2005). Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study.Journal of Applied Psychology. 90(1), 53-76.
McLaughlin, M.(1995). Employability skills profile: What are employers looking for? Eric Digests the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC). Available from www.eric.ed.gov.
Miller, G. A.(1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacyity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.
Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate Linkager in the Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover.Journal of Applied Psychology, 62(2).237-240.
Morgeson, F. P.,& Campion, M. A.(2003). Work design. In W. C. Borman, D. R. Ilgen, & R. Klimoski(Eds.). Handbook of psychology: Vol.12.Industrial and organizational psychology (pp.423-452). New York: Wiley.
Morrison, R. F., & Brantner, T. M.(1992). What enhances or inhibits learning a new job? A basic career issue.Journa of Applied Psychology,77,926-940.
Mumford, T. V., Campion, M. A., & Morgeson, F. P.(2007). The leadership skills strataplex: Leadership skill requirtements across organizational levels. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 154-166.
Noe, R. A., Wilk, S. L., Mullen, E. J., & Wanek, J. E. (1997). Employee development: Construct validation issues.In J. K. Ford(Ed.),Improving training effectiveness in work organizations (pp. 153-189). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Nunnally, J. C.(1978).Psychometric Theory. New York,NY: McGraw-Hill.
O’Leoard, K.(2007). The corporate learning factbook:Statistics, benchmarks, and analysis of the U.S. corporate training market. Oakland, CA: Bersin & Associates.
O'Connell, D., McNeely, E., Hall, D. (2008).Unpacking personal adaptability at work.Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies.14(3), 248-259.
Offermann, L. R., & Gowing, M. K.(1990). Orangizations of the future: Changes and challenges. American Psychologist, 45,95-108.
Ohlott, P. J.(2004). Job assignment.In C. McCauley & E. V. Velsor(Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (2nd ed., pp.151-182). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Ohlott, P. J., Ruderman, M. N., & McCauley, C. D.(1994). Gender differences in managers’ development job experiences. Academy of Management Journal, 37, 46-67.
Penny, J. (2001). Differential item functioning in an international 360-degree assessment: Evidence of gender stereotype, environmental complexity, and organizational contingency. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(3),245-271.
Pollock, E., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J.(2002).Assimilating complex information. Learning and Instruction, 12, 61-86.
Price, R. H.,& Fang, L.(2002). Unemployed Chinese workers: The survivors, the worried young, and the discouraged old.International Journal of Human Resource Management, 13,416-430.
Price, R., & Fang, L.(2002). Unemployed Chinese workers: The survivors, the worried yong and the discouraged old. International Journal of Human Resource Management,416-430.
Quinones, M. A., Ford, J. K.,& Teachout, M. S. (1995). The relationship between work experience and job performance: A conceptual and meatanalytic review. Personnel Psychology, 48, 887-910.
Ritchie, J. (2000). New deal for young people: Participants’ perspectives. Policy Studies, 21(4), 301-312.
Robbins, P. I.(1978).Successful midlife career change. New York: AMACOM.
Robinson, G. S., & Wick, C. W.(1992).Executive development that makes a business difference. Human Resource Planning, 15, 63-76.
Rogers, C. R.(1969).Freedom to learn. Clumbus, OH: Merrill.
Rothwell, A., Arnold, J. (2007). Self-perceived employability: development and validation of a scale. Personnel Review, 36(1), 23 – 41.
Rotter, J. B.(1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psycological Monographs, 80,1-28.
Sarason, I. G. (1984). Stress, anxiety, and cognitive interference: Reactions to tests. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 929-938.
Sarason, S. R. (1977). Working, aging and social change: professionals and the one life-one career imperative. NY: Free Press.
Sarason, S.R.(1977). Working, aging and social change: professionals and the one life-one career imprtative.NY: Free Press.
Savickas, M(1997). Career adaptability: An integrative construct for life-span, life-space theory. Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247-259.
Scott, W. E. (1966). Aceivation theory and task design. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1,3-30.
Seibert, S., Crant, J., & Kraimer, M.(1999).Proactive personality and career success. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 416-427.
Seibert, S., Kraimer, M., & Crant, J.(2001). What do proactive people do?A longitudinal model linking proactive personality and career success. Personnel Psychology, 54(4), 845.
Seibert, S., Kraimer, M., & Liden, R.(2001).A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management Journal, 44, 219-237.
Shaffer, D. (2002). Developmental psychology: Childhood and adolescence. CA: Wadsworth Thomson Learding.
Smither, J. W., London, M., & Reilly, R. R.(2005). Does performance improve following multisource feedback?A theoretical model, meta-analysis, and review of empirical findings. Personnel Psychology, 58(1), 33-66.
Stephane, B., Marian,N. R, Patricia, J., Ohlott, McCauley,. C. D.(2000).Development from job experience:The role of organization-based self-esteem.Human Resource Decelopment Quarterly:11,4.
Sullivan, J. M.(1999).Mechanisms of cannabinoid-recepto-mediated inhibition of svnaptic transmission in cultured hippocampal pvramidal neurons. The Journal of Neurophysiology Vol.82(3),pp.1286-1294.
Sutcliffe, K. M., & Weick, K. E.(2008).Information overload revisited. In G. P. Hodgkinson & W. H. Starbuck (Eds.), Oxford handbook of organizational decision making (pp.56-75). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
Suutari, V. & Brewster, C.(2003), Repatriation: empirical evidence from a longitudinal study of careers and expectations among Finnish expatriates. The International Journal of Human Resource Management,14(7),1132-1151.
Swller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257-285.
Swller, J.(1994).Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, 295-312.
Taylor, J. G., & Smith, P. C.(1956). An investigation of the shapes of learning curves for industrial motor tasks.Journal of Applied Psychology. 40, 142-149.
Tesluk, P. E., & Jacobs, R. R.(1998). Toward an integrated model of work experience.Personnel Psychology, 51, 321-355.
Tiedman, D. V. (1961). Decisions and vocational development: a paradigm and its implications. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 40, 15-21.
Tsui. A. S. & Ohlott, P. (1988). Multiple assessment of managerial effectveness: Interrater agreement and consensus in effectiveness models. Personal Psychology, 41, 779-803
Valverde, M., Tregaskis, O., & Brewster, C.(2000).Labor flexibility and firm performance.International Advances in Economic Research, 6(4), 649-661.
Van Dam, K.(2004).Antecedents and consequences of employability orientation. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 13(1), 29-51.
Van der Heijde, C.M., & Van der Heijden, B.I.J.M(2006).A competence-based and multidimensional operationalization and measurement of employability. Human Resource Management, 45, 449-476.
Van der Heijden, B. (2002).Prerequisites to guarantee life-long employability. Personnel Review, 31(1), 44-61.
Van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2000).The development and psychometric of a multidimensional measurement instrument of professional expertise.High Ability Studies, 11, 9-39.
van Merrienboer, J. J. C., & Sweller, J. (2005). Cognitive load theory and complex learding: Recent development and future directions: Educational Psychology. 17, 147-175.
Van Velsor, E., Moxley, R. S.,& Bunker, K. A. (2004).The leader development process. In C. D. McCauley & E. Van Velsor (Eds.), The Center for Creative Leadership handbook of leadership development (2nd ed.,pp. 204-233). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Vicere, A. A., & Fulmer, R. M.(1998).Leadership by design. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Vinokur, A., & Caplan, R.(1987). A ttitudes and social support: Deteminants of job-seeking behavior and well-being among the unemployed.Journal of Applied Psychology. 17,1007.
Wall, T. D.,Jackson, P. R., & Davids, K.(1992).Operaor work design and robotics system performance: A serendipitous field study.Journal of Applied Psychology, 77,353-362.
Wanberg, C. R.(1997).Antecedents and outcomes of coping behaviours among unemployed and reemployed individuals.Journal of Applied Psychology. 82(5), 731-744.
Wanberg, C. R., Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D., & Shi, K.(2001). Job loss and the experience of unemployment:International research and perspectives. In N. Anderson, D. Ones, H. Sinangil, & C. Visuresvaran(Eds.).The handbook of industrial work and organizational psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 253-269). London: Sage Publications Ins.
Wick, C. W.(1989). How people develop: An in-depth look. HR Report, 6,1-3.
Winefield, A., Tiggeman, M., & Winefield, H.(1992). Unemployment distress, reasons for job loss and causal attributions for unemployment in young people.Journal of occupational and Organizational Psychology, 65, 213-218.
Winegardner, D., Simonetti, J., & Nykodym, N.(1984). Unemployment: The living death. Journal of Employment Counselling, 21, 149-155.
Woehr, D. J. Sheehan. M. K., & Bennett, W. (2005). Assessing measurement equivalence across rating sources: A Multitrait-Multimethod approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 526-600.
Yeats, D., Folts, W., & Knapp, J.(2000). Older woekers adaptation to a changing workplace: Employment issues for the 21st century. Education Gerontology, 6, 565-582.
Yeatts, D.,Folts, W.,& Knapp, J.(2000).Older workers’ adaptation to a changing workplace: Employment issues for the 21th century. Educational Gerontology, 26,565-582.