臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究利用電漿轉移電弧銲法以調整不同熱輸入量，將鉻粉被覆於鈦合金(Ti-6Al-4V)表面上並針對被覆層的顯微組織與機械性質作探討。研究結果顯示，Ti-6Al-4V的微觀結構由β相與α相所組成，在冷卻過程中，β相轉變為Widmanstätten穿插在α相和β相之間。由微硬度試驗結果得知，銲覆之鉻金屬可使表面硬度大幅提升約100HV。經由EDS及Mapping得知母材及銲覆層交界處的Cr元素擴散很少；由XRD分析發現，銲覆層中有CrTi4相生成。由SEM觀察拉伸破斷表面，其銲覆層為劈裂面，為典型脆性斷裂；熱輸入量以80A為最佳參數，其破斷面較為平整均勻，也呈現較佳的拉伸強度與伸長量。

In this study, chromium powder was cladded on the surface of Ti-6Al-4V alloy by the plasma transfer arc process, and heat input was controlled by welding parameters. In stationary conditions the other parameters, changing powder filler and presence or absence of different doped current parameters. The performance of cladded material was evaluated by microstructure and mechanical properties tests.
The results showed that the microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V in general consists of equiaxed α enclosed by β phase. During cooling, β phase transformed to Widmanstätten alternate layer of α and β phases. The hardness of chromium powder plasma transfer arc cladded was increased approximately 100 HV than base metal. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis indicated that a very few diffusion was present between the base metal and chromium cladded layer. The cladded specimens x-ray diffraction patterns showed presence of compound like CrTi4 phase.
The tensile strength and ductility of cladded specimens were far lower than that of the substrate. The fracture surfaces were examined under scanning electron microscope and the observed fracture surface was typical cleavage brittle fracture in the clad and substrate. Arc current of 80A had been identified of the most suitable current since it gave a very smooth fracture surface and brought the highest value of tensile strength and elongation.

摘要...i
Abstract...ii
誌謝...iv
目錄...v
表目錄...ix
圖目錄...x
第一章 緒論...1
1.1 前言...1
1.2 研究動機...2
第二章 理論基礎及文獻回顧...3
2.1 鈦合金簡介...3
2.1.1 鈦與鈦合金...3
2.1.2各類鈦合合金介紹...5
2.2 鈦、鈦合金的熔接...9
2.2.1 鈦適用的熔接法...9
2.2.2 鈦及鈦合金的銲接性...9
2.2.3 鈦及鈦合金的銲接缺陷...10
2.2.4 純鈦及鈦合金熔融區組織...13
2.3 熔射銲覆...15
2.3.1 熔射銲覆技術之簡介...15
2.3.2 熔射噴覆技術之分類...16
2.3.3 電漿熔射介紹...17
2.3.4 電漿熔射之優缺點...19
2.4 電漿轉移電弧銲...20
2.4.1 電漿轉移電弧銲簡介...20
2.4.2電漿轉移電弧銲特性...22
2.4.3電漿轉移電弧銲之優缺點...24
2.4.4電漿轉移電弧銲之應用...26
2.4.5電漿轉移電弧銲之參數...27
2.5 鉻金屬介紹...30
2.6 材料破斷...31
2.6.1 破斷面種類...31
2.6.2 脆性破壞...31
2.6.3 延性破壞...32
2.7 國內外相關之研究...33
第三章 實驗方法...35
3.1 實驗流程...35
3.2 實驗材料製備及前處理...36
3.3 銲接設備與粉末參數設計...38
3.4 顯微組織分析...40
3.5 SEM/EDS...41
3.6 XRD...42
3.7 硬度試驗...42
3.8 拉伸試驗...43
第四章 結果與討論...45
4.1 金相顯為組織觀察...45
4.1.1 無粉末試片表面觀察...45
4.1.2 無粉末銲接組織巨觀觀察...46
4.1.3 有粉末試片表面觀察...47
4.1.4 有粉末試片組之巨觀觀察...48
4.1.5 金相顯為組織觀察...50
4.2 微硬度分析...53
4.2.1 無粉末電漿銲之硬度分析...53
4.2.2 有粉末電漿銲之硬度分析...54
4.3 SEM/EDS分析...55
4.3.1 有粉末各電流參數之SEM...55
4.3.2 有粉末各電流參數之Mapping分析...58
4.3.3 有粉末各電流參數之EDS分析...62
4.4 拉伸試驗分析...66
4.4.1 拉伸機械性質...66
4.4.2 破斷面觀察...69
4.5 XRD分析...77
第五章 結論...81
參考文獻...82
Extended Abstract...88

[1]. R. Boyer, E.W. Collings, G. Welsch, Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, ASM International, Ohio, USA, 1994.
[2].高道剛，鈦銲接技術，全華科技圖書有限公司，台北市，2001。
[3].L. He, A.D. Manshadi, R.J. Dippenaar, The Evolution of Microstructure of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy During Concurrent Hot Deformation and Phase Transformation, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 549, 2012, pp.163-167.
[4].周長彬、蔡丕樁、郭央諶，銲接學，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北市，1993。
[5].蔡俊賢、陳慕平，電漿電弧的原理與應用，銲接與切割，3卷第5期，1993， 頁32-36。
[6].洪胤庭，純鈦及鈦合金特性及製程介紹，中工高雄會刊，21卷第1期，2013，頁12-22。
[7].R. Banerjee, S. Nag, H.L. Fraser, A Novel Combinatorial Approach to The Development of Beta Titanium Alloys for Orthopaedic Implants, Materials Science and Engineering: C, 25(3), 2005, pp.282-289.
[8].賴耿陽，熔接專門技術用書-11.鋁熔接技術 12.銅、銅合金、鈦、鈦合金熔接技術，復漢出版社，台南市，1977。
[9].P. Liu, G.M. Zhang, T. Zhai, K.Y. Feng, Effect of Treatment in Weld Surface on Fatigue and Fracture Behavior of Titanium Alloys Welded Joints by Vacuum Electron Beam Welding, Vacuum, 141, 2017, pp. 176-180.
[10].S. Lin, J. Lin, T. Zhang, J. Li, Precipitation Behavior of α2 Phase in Ti–34Al–13Nb Alloy, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 725, 2017, pp. 155-162.
[11].M.J. Donachie, Titanium and Titanium Alloys, A Collection of Outstanding Articles from The Technical Literature, American Society for Metals Park, Ohio, USA, 1982.
[12].盧信璋，銲後熱處理對時效鈦合金 EBW銲件之顯微組織與機械性質影響，國立交通大學，碩士論文，2012。
[13].C. Leyens, M. Peters, Titanium and Titanium Alloys: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2003.
[14].B.D. Smith, D.S. Shih, D.L. McDowell, Fatigue Hot Spot Simulation for Two Widmanstätten Titanium Microstructures, International Journal of Fatigue, 92, 2016, pp.116-129.
[15].A. Ducato, L. Fratini, M.L. Cascia, G. Mazzola, An Automated Visual Inspection System for The Classification of The Phases of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy, Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 8048, 2013, pp.362-369.
[16].T.A. Book, M.D. Sangid, Strain Localization in Ti-6Al-4V Widmanstätten Microstructures Produced by Additive Manufacturing, Materials Characterization, 122, 2016, pp.104–112.
[17].Y. Ma, H. Wang, S. Huang, J. Qiu, X. Feng, J. Lei, R. Yang, Deformation Twinning in Fatigue Crack Tip Plastic Zone of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Widmanstatten Microstructure, Materials Characterization, 132, 2017, pp.338-347.
[18].蕭威典，熔射覆膜技術，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，台北市，2006。
[19].W.H. Kearns, Welding Handbook, American Welding Society, Florida, USA, 1984.
[20].T. Zhang, D.T. Gawne, B. Liu, Computer Modelling of The Influence of Process Parameters on The Heating and Acceleration of Particles During Plasma Spraying, Surface and Coatings Technology, 132(2-3), 2000, pp.233-243.
[21].X. Deng, G. Zhang, T. Wang, S. Ren, Q. Cao, Z. Bai, Z. Liu, Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Mo Coating Deposited by Plasma Transferred Arc Process, Materials Characterization, 131, 2017, pp.517-525.
[22].Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Lin, Y.C. Chen, Elucidation of Microstructure and Wear Behaviors of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Clad Tungsten Carbide Powder by GTAW Method, Journal of Coatings Technology and Research, 8(2), 2011, pp.247-253.
[23].H.J. Kim, B.H. Yoon, C.H. Lee, Wear performance of The Fe-based Alloy Coatings Produced by Plasma Transferred Arc Weld-Surfacing Process, Wear, 249(10-11), 2001, pp.846-852.
[24].董基良，銲接學，三民書局，台北，1991。
[25].徐享文，助銲劑對 1020 碳鋼及304 不銹鋼電漿銲接特性之研究，國立交通大學，博士論文，2009。
[26].B. Varbai, R. Kormos, K. Májlinger, Effects of Active Fluxes in Gas Metal Arc Welding, Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering, 61(1), 2017, pp.68-73.
[27].Y.F. Gu, H. Harada, Y. Ro, Chromium and Chromium-based Alloys: Problems and Possibilities for High-temperature Service, The Journal of The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 56(9), 2004, pp.28–33.

[28].莊東漢，材料破損分析，五南圖書出版公司，台北，2007。
[29].R. Zhang, F. Jiang, S. Chen, Comparison of Energy Acted on Workpiece Among Twin-body Plasma Arc Welding, Non-transferred Plasma Arc Welding and Plasma Arc Welding, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 24, 2016, pp.152-160.
[30].T. Dash, B.B. Nayak, Preparation of WC–W2C Composites by Arc Plasma Melting and Their Characterisations, Ceramics International, 39(3), 2013, pp.3279-3292.
[31].E. Maleki, O. Unal, K.R. Kashyzadeh, Effects of Conventional, Severe, Over, and Re-shot Peening Processes on The Fatigue Behavior of Mild Carbon Steel, Surface & Coatings Technology, 344, 2018, pp.75-84.
[32].M. Yang, H. Zheng, B. Qi, Z. Yang, Effect of Arc Behavior on Ti-6Al-4V Welds During High Frequency Pulsed Arc Welding, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 243, 2017, pp.9-15.
[33]. O.M. Ivasishina, P.E. Markovsky, S.L. Semiatin, C.H. Ward, Aging Response of Coarse and Fine-grained β Titanium Alloys, Materials Science and Engineering:A, 405(1-2), 2005, pp.296–305.
[34].P.Z. Zhang, Z.H. Li, Z.Y. He, Z. Xu, G.H. Zhang, Surface Chromizing of Ti-6Al-4V by Bouble Glow Plasma Surface Alloying Technology, Ordnance Material Science and Engineering, 28(1), 2005, pp.17-20.
[35].V. Dalbauer, J. Ramm, S. Kolozsvári, C.M. Koller, P.H. Mayrhofer, On The Phase Evolution of Arc Evaporated Al-Cr-based Intermetallics and Oxides, Thin Solid Films, 644, 2017, pp.120-128.
[36].H. Yu, F. Li, J. Yang, J. Shao, Z. Wang, X. Zeng, Investigation on Laser Welding of Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Parts: Weldability, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties, Materials Science and Engineering: A, 712, 2018, pp.20-27.
[37].C.D. Lundin, W.T. Delong, D.F. Spond, Ferrite Fissuring Relationship in Austenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metals, Welding Journal, 54, 1975, pp.241-246.
[38].W. Chuaiphan, L. Srijaroenpramong, Effect of Welding Speed on Microstructures, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behavior of GTA-welded AISI 201 Stainless Steel Sheets, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 214(2), 2014, pp.402-408.
[39].陳永甡，銲接學，新文京圖書有限公司，台北市，2002，頁60-70。
[40].S. Kou, Welding Metallurgy, Wiley, New York, 1987.
[41].Y. Sun, G. Luo, J. Zhang, C. Wu, J. Li, Q. Shen, L. Zhang, Phase Transition, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TC4 Titanium Alloy Prepared by Plasma Activated Sintering, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 741, 2018, pp.918-926.
[42].T.M.T. Godfrey, A. Wisbey, P.S. Goodwin, K. Bagnall, C.M.W. Close, Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Mechanically Alloyed Ti–6A1–4V with Boron Additions, Materials Science and Engineering, 282(1-2), 2000, pp.240-250.
[43].M.B. Mathisen, L. Eriksen, Y. Yu, O. Jensrud, J. Hjelen, Characterization of Microstructure and Strain Response in Ti−6Al−4V Plasma Welding Deposited Material by Combined EBSD and In-situ Tensile Test, Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 24(12), 2014, pp. 3929-3943.
[44].M.S. Sawant, N.K. Jain, Investigations on Wear Characteristics of Stellite Coating by Micro-plasma Transferred Arc Powder Deposition Process, Wear, 378–379, 2017, pp.155-164.
[45].P.M. Mashinini, I. Dinaharan, J.D.R. Selvam, D.G. Hattingh, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Characterization of Friction Stir Welded Titanium Alloy Ti–6Al–4V Using Lanthanated Tungsten Tool, Materials Characterization, 139, 2018, pp.328-336.
[46].D.B. Wei, P.Z. Zhang, Z.J. Yao, W.P. Liang, Q. Miao, Z. Xu, Oxidation of Bouble-glow Plasma Chromising Coating on TC4 Titanium Alloys, Corrosion Science, 66, 2013, pp.43-50.
[47].Q. An, L. Huang, S. Jiang, X. Li, Y. Gao, Y. Liu, L. Geng, Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of TIG Cladded TiB Reinforced Composite Coating on Ti-6Al-4V Alloy, Vacuum, 145, 2017, pp.312-319.