臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

CuInS2/ZnS (CIS/ZnS)量子點具有許多如不含鎘、寬的放射峰以及光色可調等特性，適合做為光轉換材料，應用在固態照明中。但由於量子效率(QY)低、熱穩定性不佳，封裝時與封裝膠相容性差導致分散性不佳，元件效率約在60~70 lm/W，且元件的演色性與長期點亮的穩定性不佳，難以商品化。
我們利用熱裂解法，透過摻雜鋁與製程控制合成CIS/ZnS、CIS/ZnS:Al、CIS/ZnS/Al2O3、ZnCuInS2(ZCIS)、ZnAlCuInS2(ZACIS)五種量子點，探討鋁的摻雜對於量子點的效率與熱穩定性的影響，此外也將量子點與市售綠光和紅光螢光粉混合製作白光元件，藉以研究元件的特性。實驗結果顯示，CIS/ZnS、CIS/ZnS:Al及CIS/ZnS/Al2O3量子點的放射波長變化不大，位於534 nm；摻雜Al的樣品可讓QY由82分別提升至92和90 %。而ZCIS與ZACIS則擁有超寬放射峰，分別為122 和204 nm，ZACIS樣品更出現雙峰。五種樣品屬於黃銅礦結構，CIS、CIS/ZnS、CIS/ZnS:Al、CIS/ZnS/Al2O3、ZCIS、ZACIS粒徑各為2.5±0.5、3.5±0.5、3.0±0.5、3.0±0.5、2.5±0.5、2.5±0.5 nm，形貌呈四面體。在150 oC環境下持溫40小時後，CIS/ZnS的效率下降50 %，其它CIS/ZnS:Al、CIS/ZnS/Al2O3、ZCIS、ZACIS等樣品的效率則下降30 %以下。
分別將CIS/ZnS和CIS/ZnS:Al與UV膠依照不同比例(10、15、20、30、50 wt%)混合製備CIS/ZnS-LED及CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED。實驗結果顯示，CIS/ZnS-LED15元件，演色性53、發光效率99 lm/W、色度座標(0.43, 0.41)、相關色溫為3121 K。而CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED15元件的演色性73、發光效率101 lm/W、色度座標(0.34, 0.29)、相關色溫為4747 K。長期點亮24小時後，CIS/ZnS-LED的效率下降50 %，CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED則維持80 %以上，我們發現通過摻雜Al，能讓元件有高效率、高演色性及穩定性。
CIS/ZnS:Al0.5與紅、綠螢光粉依照不同比例(2:1、4:1、6:1、8:1、10:1)分別混和製備CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/R-LED與CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/G-LED，兩者在8:1時有最佳演色性，分別為75和76，比起CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED有稍微提升。
ZCIS和ZACIS與UV膠依照不同比例(10、15、20、30、50 wt%)混合，並以385 nm晶片激發製備ZCIS-LED和ZACIS-LED，兩種元件在所有混膠比例的演色性都在80以上，ZCIS-LED10和ZACIS-LED15具有最高元件效率分別為6和10 lm/W。

CuInS2/ZnS (CIS/ZnS) quantum dots (QDs) have many characteristics, such as cadmium-free, wide emission peaks and tunable light color, so that they are suitable for use as the light conversion materials and in solid-state lighting. However, the low quantum efficiency (QY), poor thermal stability, poor compatibility between CIS/ZnS QDs and gel leads to the poor dispersion resulting in the luminous efficacy is about 60~70 lm/W, and its color rendering index (CRI) and long-term operating stability are not good, so it is difficult to commercialize.
In order to improve the QY and thermal stability of QDs by Al doping, five kinds of QDs, CIS/ZnS, CIS/ZnS:Al, CIS/ZnS/Al2O3, ZCIS and ZACIS, are synthesized by thermal pyrolysis. In addition, the white light-emitting diodes (WLED) is made by QDs or mixing QDs with green and red phosphors. The result shows that the emission wavelengths of CIS/ZnS, CIS/ZnS:Al and CIS/ZnS/Al2O3 QDs are all at 534 nm, and the QY of Al-doped samples can be increased from 82 to 92 and 90, respectively. Moreover, the ZCIS and ZACIS samples have ultra-wide emission peaks around 122 and 204 nm, respectively. We also find the two peaks appear in ZACIS sample. Five samples are chalcopyrite structures, the particle sizes of CIS, CIS/ZnS, CIS/ZnS:Al, CIS/ZnS/Al2O3, ZCIS, and ZACIS are 2.5±0.5, 3.5±0.5, 3.0±0.5, 3.0±0.5, 2.5±0.5, and 2.5±0.5 nm, respectively, and the morphologyies are all tetrahedral.
The efficiency of CIS/ZnS decreases 50 %, while CIS/ZnS:Al, CIS/ZnS/Al2O3, ZCIS and ZACIS decreases less than 30 % after heat treatment at 150 oC for 40 hours. In CIS/ZnS-LED and CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED, which are prepared by mixing CIS/ZnS and CIS/ZnS:Al with UV gel in different contents (10, 15, 20, 30, 50 wt%). The result shows that the CIS/ZnS-LED15 and CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED15 has CRI of 53 and 73, luminous efficacy of 99 and 101 lm/W, CIE coordinates (0.43, 0.41) and (0.34, 0.29), and CCT of 3121 and 4747 K, respectively. The luminous efficacy of CIS/ZnS-LED decreases 50 %, while CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED maintains more than 80 % after 24 hours of long-term operating. We can find that doping Al can make the WLEDs have high luminous efficacy, color rendering index and stability.
Mixing CIS/ZnS:Al0.5 QDs with red and green phosphor in different ratios (2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 8:1, 10:1) are prepared to form CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/R-LED and CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/G-LED, respectively. The best CRI of CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/G-LED was 75 and 76 at 8:1, which is slightly higher than that of CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED.
ZCIS and ZACIS are mixed with UV gel in different contents (10, 15, 20, 30, 50 wt%) and pumping by 385 nm to prepare ZCIS-LED and ZACIS-LED. The CRI of the two devices in all mixing ratios is above 80. ZCIS-LED10 and ZACIS-LED15 have the highest luminous efficacy of 6 lm/W and 10 lm/W, respectively.

摘要......i
Abstract......iv
誌謝......vi
目錄......vii
表目錄......x
圖目錄......xi
第一章 前言......1
1.1 LED發展歷程......1
1.2白光LED......2
第二章 文獻回顧......4
2.1量子點......4
2.2 I-III-VI量子點......4
2.3 CuInS2 (CIS)及CIS/ZnS形成機制與表面化學......8
2.4 CuInS2 (CIS)及CIS/ZnS晶體結構......12
2.5 CIS及CIS/ZnS放光機制與電子結構......14
2.6 I-III-VI量子點的摻雜與白光元件......17
2.7 研究動機......19
第三章 實驗方法與步驟......20
3.1實驗藥品與材料......20
3.2 量子點製備......21
3.2.1 CIS核心量子點製備......21
3.2.2 CIS/ZnS量子點製備......22
3.2.3 CIS/ZnS:Al量子點製備......22
3.2.4 CIS/ZnS/Al2O3量子點製備......22
3.2.5 ZCIS量子點製備......22
3.2.6 ZACIS量子點製備......23
3.2.7量子點的純化......23
3.3 LED元件封裝......23
3.3.1 CIS白光發光二極體 (WLED)......23
3.3.2以綠光或紅光修飾的量子點白光發光二極體 (WLED)......23
3.4量子點與LED元件之特性分析......24
第四章 結果與討論......35
4.1 CIS量子點之性質分析......35
4.1.1 CIS/ZnS與ZCIS量子點......35
4.1.2 CIS/ZnS、CIS/ZnS/Al2O3、CIS/ZnS:Al、ZACIS量子點......36
4.1.3不同鋅鋁比之光學性質......36
4.1.4不同製程之熱穩定性......37
4.1.5晶體結構、形貌與粒徑分佈及元素含量分析......44
4.2發光二極體元件之製備與量測......48
4.2.1 CIS/ZnS-LED與CIS/ZnS:Al0.5-LED元件之製備......48
4.2.2 YAG-LED與CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/G-LED及CIS/ZnS:Al0.5/R-LED元件之製備......58
4.2.3 ZCIS-LED及ZACIS-LED元件之製備......74
第五章 結論......87
參考文獻......88
Extended Abstract......96

[1]M. S. Shur and A. Zukaukas, 2005, "Solid-State Lighting Toward Superior Illumination", Proc. IEEE, 10, 1691-1703
[2]C. M. Tan, B. K. Eric Chen, Y. Y. Foo, R. Y. Chan, G. Xu, and Y. J. Liu, 2008, "Humidity Effect on the Degradation of Packaged Ultra-bright White LEDs," IEEE Electronics Packaging Tech. Conference, 21, 923-928.
[3]H. J. Round, 1906, "Carborundum as a Wireless Telegraph Receiver," Electrical World.
[4]N. Holonyak, Jr., 1987, "Semiconductor alloy lasers-1962, " IEEE J. Quantum Electronics QE-23, No. 6, pp. 684-691.
[5]N. Holonyak, Jr. and S. F. Bevacqua, 1962, "Coherent (visible) light emission from Ga(As1-xPx) junctions, " Appl. Phys. Lett., 1, pp. 82-83.
[6]C. P. Kuo, R. M. Fletcher, T. D. Osentowski, M. C. Lardizabal, M. G. Craford, and V. M. Robbins, 1990, "High performance AlInGaP visible light emitting diodes, " Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, pp. 2937-2939.
[7] H. Sugawara, M. I. shikawa, and G. Hatakoshi, 1991, "High-efficiency InAlGaP/GaAs visible light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., 58, pp. 1010-1012.
[8]S. Nakamura, T. Mukai, and M. Senoh, 1994, "Candela-class high-brightness InGaNAIGaN double-heterostructure blue-light-emitting", Appl. Phys. Lett., 64, 1687-1689.
[9]Y. H. Song, T. Y. Choi, K. Senthil, T. Masaki, and D. H. Yoon, 2012, "Enhancement of photoluminescence properties of green to yellow emitting Y3Al5O12Ce3+ phosphor by AlN addition for white LED applications", Mater. Lett., 67, 184-186.
[10]H. G. Choi, B. Y. Moon, and N. J. Kang, 2015, "Effects of LED light on the production of strawberry during cultivation in a plastic greenhouse and in a growth chamber", Scientia Horticulturae, 189, 22-31.
[11]H. S. Jang, H. Yang, S. W. Kim, J. Y. Han, S. G. Lee, and D. Y. Jeon, 2008, "White light-emitting diodes with excellent color rendering based on organically capped CdSe quantum dots and Sr3SiO5: Ce3+, Li+ phosphors," Adv. Mater. 20, 2696-2702.
[12]W. B. Im, Y. I. Kim, N. N. Fellows, H. Masui, G. A. Hirata, and S. P. DenBaars, 2008, "A yellow-emitting Ce3+ phosphor, La1−xCexSr2AlO5, for white light-emitting diodes", Appl. Phys. Lett., 93, 091905.
[13]Y. H. Won, H. S. Jang, W. B. Im, D. Y. Jeon, and J. S. Lee, 2006, "Tunable full-color-emitting La0.827Al11.9O19.09:Eu2+, Mn2+ phosphor for application to warm white-light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 231909.
[14]Y. K. Lee, J. S. Lee, J. Heo, W. B. Im, and W. J. Chung, 2012, "Phosphor in glasses with Pb-free silicate glass powders as robust color-converting materials for white LED applications," Optics Lett., 37, 3276-3278.
[15]W. T. Liu and W. Y. Huang, 2012, "Enhancing the color gamut of white displays using novel deep-blue organic fluorescent dyes to form color-changed thin films with improved efficiency", Opt. Eng., 51, 104001.
[16]D. A. Steigerwald, J. C. Bhat, D. Collins, R. M. Fletcher, M. O. Holcomb, and M. J. Ludowise, 2002, "Illumination With Solid State Lighting Technology", IEEE J. selected topics in quantum electronics, 8, 310-320
[17]R. Senol, S. Kilic, and K. Tasdelen, 2016, "Pulse timing control for LED plant growth unit and effects on carnation", Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 123, 125-134.
[18]T. Jishi, K. Kimura, R. Matsuda, and K. Fujiwara, 2016, "Effects of temporally shifted irradiation of blue and red LED light on cos lettuce growth and morphology", Scientia Horticulturae, 198, 227-232.
[19]W. Chung, H. J. Yu, S. H. Park, B. H. Chun, and S. H. Kim, 2011, "YAG and CdSe/ZnSe nanoparticles hybrid phosphor for white LED with high color rendering index," Mater. Chem. Phys., 126, 162-166.
[20]Y. Yang, H. Q. Shi, W. N. Li, H. M. Xiao, Y. S. Luo, S. Y. Fu, and T. Liu, 2011, "Tunable photo-luminescent properties of novel transparent CdSe-QD/silicone nanocomposites," Compos. Sci. Technol., 71, 1652-1658.
[21]H. S. Jang and D. Y. Jeon, 2007, "Yellow-emitting Sr3SiO5:Ce3+, Li+ phosphor for white-light-emitting diodes and yellow-light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., 90, 041906.
[22]W. S. Song, H. J. Kim, Y. S. Kim, and H. Yang, 2010, "Synthesis of Ba2Si3O8:Eu2+ Phosphor for Fabrication of White Light-Emitting Diodes Assisted by ZnCdSe/ZnSe Quantum Dot," J. Electrochem. Soc., 157, J319-J323.
[23]H. H. Wu, K. H. Lin, and S. T. Lin, 2012, "A study on the heat dissipation of high power multi-chip COB LEDs", Microelectronics J., 43, 280-287.
[24]S. K. Kwak, T. W. Yoo, B. S. Kim, S. M. Lee, Y. S. Lee, and L. S. Park, 2012, "White LED Packaging with Layered Encapsulation of Quantum Dots and Optical Properties", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci., 564, 33-41.
[25]J. K. Park, K. J. Choi, S. H. Park, C. H. Kim, and H. K. Kim, 2005, "Application of Ba2+•Mg2+ Co-doped Sr2SiO4: Eu Yellow Phosphor for White-Light-Emitting Diodes", J. Electrochemical Soc., 152, 121-123.
[26]W. Chung, H. J. Yu, S. H. Park, B. H. Chun, and S. H. Kim, 2011, "YAG and CdSe/ZnSe nanoparticles hybrid phosphor for white LED with high color rendering index", Mater. Chem. Phys., 126, 162-166.
[27]H. S. Jang, B. H. Kwon, H. Yang, and D. Y. Jeon, 2009, "Bright Three-Band White Light Generated from CdSe/ZnSe Quantum Dot-Assisted Sr3SiO5:Ce3+,Li+-Based White Light-Emitting Diode with High Color Rendering Index", Appl. Phys. Lett., 95,161-901.
[28]Z. Liu, S. Liu, K. Wang, and X. Luo, 2009, "Measurement and numerical studies of optical properties of YAG: Ce phosphor for white light-emitting diode packaging", Appl. Opt., 49, 247-257.
[29]D. J. Edell, J. Kuzma, and D. Petraitis, 1996, "Silicone Biomaterials," IEEE in Medicine and Biology Society, 2177-2179.
[30]S. R. Chung, K. W. Wang, and W. M. Wang, 2013,"Hybrid YAG/CdSe quantum dots phosphors for white light-emitting diodes," J. Nanosci. Nanotech., 13, 4358-4363.
[31]A. D. Yoffe, 1993, "Low-dimensional systems: quantum size effects and electronic properties of semiconductor microcrystallites (zero-dimensional systems) and some quasi-two-dimensional systems", Adv. Phys., 42, 173-266.
[32]A. D. Yoffe, 2001, "Semiconductor quantum dots and related systems: Electronic, optical, luminescence and related properties of low dimensional systems", Adv. Phys., 50, 1-208.
[33]S. R. Chung, 2018, "Full color display fabricated by CdSe bi-colorquantum dots-based white light-emittingdiodes"Optical Mater. Express Vol. 8, Issue 9, pp. 2677-2686
[34]C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, and M. G. Bawendi, 1993, "Synthesis and characterization of nearly monodisperse CdE (E=S, Se, Te) semiconductor nanocrystallites, " J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 8706-8715.
[35]Z. A. Peng and X. G. Peng, 2001, "Formation of high-quality CdTe, CdSe, and CdS nanocrystals using CdO as precursor," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 183-184.
[36]S. A. McDonald, G. Konstantatos, S. G. Zhang, P. W. Cyr, E. J. D. Klem, L. Levina, and E. H. Sargent, 2005, "Solution-processed PbS quantum dot infrared photodetectors and photovoltaics," Nat. Mater., 4, 138-142.
[37]F.W. Wise, 2000, "Lead salt quantum dots: the limit of strong quantum confinement," Acc. Chem. Res., 33, 773-780.
[38]L. Qu, Z. A. Peng, and X. Peng, 2001, "Alternative Routes toward High Quality CdSe Nanocrystals", Nano Lett., 1, 6, 333-337.
[39]Z. M. Hu, 2019, "Synthesis of green-to-red-emitting Cu-Ga-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots for application in white light-emitting diodes" Journal of Lumin., 208, 18-23
[40]L. Liu, H. Li, 2019, "The conversion of CuInS2/ZnS core/shell structure from type I to quasi-type II and the shell thickness-dependent solar cell performance" J of Colloid and Interface Science, 546, 276-284
[41]H. Zhang, Y. Wu, 2019, "Accurate intracellular and in vivo temperature sensing based on CuInS2/ZnS QD micelles" J. Mater. Chem. B., 7, 2835-2844
[42]L. Yan, L. Yan, 2016, "Stable and Flexible CuInS2/ZnS:Al-TiO2 Film for Solar-Light-Driven Photodegradation of Soil Fumigant" ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8, 31, 20048-20056
[43]B. Chen, N. Pradhan, 2018 "From Large-Scale Synthesis to Lighting Device Applications ofTernary I−III−VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Inspiring Greener
Material Emitters" J. Phys. Chem. Lett.,9, 2, 435-445
[44]C. B. Murray, D. J. Norris, and M. G. Bawendi, 1993, "Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse CdE (E = S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Nanocrystallites. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115, 8706-8715.
[45]P. M. Allen and M. G. Bawendi, 2008, "Ternary I-III-VI Quantum Dots Luminescent in the Red to Near-Infrared," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130, 9240-9241.
[46]E. Cassette, T. Pons, C. Bouet, M. Helle, L. Bezdetnaya, F. Marchal, and B. Dubertret, 2010, "Synthesis and Characterization of Near-Infrared Cu-In-Se/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots for In Vivo Imaging," Chem. Mater., 22, 6117-6124.
[47]H. Z. Zhong, Z. B. Wang, E. Bovero, Z. H. Lu, V. Van, F. C. J. M., and G. D. Scholes, 2011, "Colloidal CuInSe2 Nanocrystals in the Quantum Confinement Regime: Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Electroluminescence," J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 12396-12402.
[48]R. G. Xie, M. Rutherford, and X. G. Peng, 2009, "Formation of High-Quality I-III-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals by Tuning Relative Reactivity of Cationic Precursors," J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131, 5691-5697.
[49]M. Gromova, M. Gromova, 2017, "Growth Mechanism and Surface State of CuInS2 Nanocrystals Synthesized with Dodecanethiol" J. Am. Chem. Soc., 139, 44, 15748-15759
[50]K. Nose, Y. Soma, T. Omata, and Y. M. Otsuka, 2009, "Synthesis of Ternary CuInS2 Nanocrystals; Phase Determination by Complex Ligand Species," Chem. Mater., 21, 2607-2613.
[51]Y. Hamanaka, T. Ogawa, M. Tsuzuki, and T. Kuzuya, 2011, "Photoluminescence Properties and Its Origin of AgInS2 Quantum Dots with Chalcopyrite Structure," J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 1786-1792.
[52]W. Xin, Z. Liang, X. Xu, W. Nan, F. Jun, J. Wang, and G. Xu, 2015,"A high efficient photoluminescence Zn-Cu-In-S/ZnS quantum dots with long lifetime," J. Alloys and Compounds, 640, 134-140.
[53]M. Booth, A. P. Brown, S. D. Evans, and K. Critchley, 2012, "Determining the Concentration of CuInS2 Quantum Dots from the Size-Dependent Molar Extinction Coefficient", Chem. Mater., 24, 2064-2070.
[54]V. K. Komarala, C. Xie, Y. Q. Wang, J. Xu, and M. Xiao, 2012, "Time-resolved photoluminescence properties of CuInS2/ZnS nanocrystals: influence of intrinsic defects and external impurities, " J. Appl. Phys., 111, 124314-124317.
[55]J. Park and S.-W. Kim, 2011, "CuInS2/ZnS core/shell quantum dots by cation exchange and their blue-shifted photoluminescence," J. Mater. Chem., 21, 3745-3750.
[56]M. Uehara, K. Watanabe, Y. Tajiri, H. Nakamura, and H. Maeda, 2008, "Synthesis of CuInS2 Fluorescent Nanocrystals and Enhancement of Fluorescence by Controlling Crystal Defect," J. Chem. Phys., 129, 134709-134709.
[57]H. Zhong, Y. Zhou, M. Ye, Y. He, J. Ye, C. He, C. Yang, and Y. Li, 2008, "Controlled synthesis and optical properties of colloidal ternary chalcogenide CuInS2 nanocrystals," Chem. Mater., 20, 6434-6443.
[58]L. Li, T.J. Daou, I. Texier, C. Tran Thi Kim, L. Nguyen Quang, and P. Reiss, 2009, "Highly luminescent CuInS2/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals: cadmium-free quantum dots for in vivo imaging," Chem. Mater., 21, 2422-2429.
[59]A. C. Berends, W. Stam, 2018, "Interplay between Surface Chemistry, Precursor Reactivity, and Temperature Determines Outcome of ZnS Shelling Reactions on
CuInS2 Nanocrystals" Chem. Mater., 30, 2400-2413.
[60]Alice D. P. Leach, Janet E. Macdonald, 2016, "Optoelectronic Properties of CuInS2 Nanocrystals and Their Origin," J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 572-583
[61]D. E. Nam, W. S. Song, H. Yang, and Facile, 2011, "air-insensitive solvothermal synthesis of emission-tunable CuInS2/ZnS quantum dots with high quantum yields," J. Mater. Chem., 21, 18220-18226.
[62]H. D. Nelson, D. R. Gamelin, 2018, "Valence-Band Electronic Structures of Cu+-Doped ZnS, Alloyed Cu–In–Zn–S, and Ternary CuInS2 Nanocrystals: A Unified Description of Photoluminescence across Compositions," J. Phys. Chem. C, 122, 31, 18124-18133.
[63]P. Rao, W. Yao, 2015, "Highly stable CuInS2@ZnS:Al core@shell quantum dots: role of aluminium self-passivation," Chem. Comm., 51, 8757-8760.
[64]J. H. Kim, E. P. Jang, 2016 "Enhanced fluorescent stability of copper indium sulfide quantum dots through incorporating aluminum into ZnS shell," J. Alloys and Compounds, 662, 173-178.
[65]W. S. Song, H. Yang, 2012, "Efficient White-Light-Emitting Diodes Fabricated from Highly Fluorescent Copper Indium Sulfide Core/Shell Quantum Dots," Chem. Mater., 24, 1961−1967.
[66]B. Chen, H. Zhong, 2013, "Integration of CuInS2-based nanocrystals for high efficiency and high colour rendering white light-emitting diodes," Nanoscale, 5, 3514-3519.
[67]S. H. Park, A. Hong, 2015, "Highly Bright Yellow-Green-Emitting CuInS2 Colloidal Quantum Dots with Core/Shell/Shell Architecture for White Light-Emitting Diodes," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 6764-6771.
[68]D. Cai, X. Yuan, 2017, "Al-doped ZnS shell as a surface shield for enhancing the stability of Cu:ZnInS/ZnS/ZnS:Al quantum dots and their application in light emittingdiodes," Mater. Res. Bull., 94, 241–246.
[69]A. W. Norris, M. Bahadur, and M. Yoshitake, 2005, "Novel Silicone Materials for LED Packaging," Proc. of SPIE, 5941, 1-7.
[70]M. Bahadur, A. W. Norris, A. Zarisfi, J. S. Alger, and C. C. Windiate, 2006, "Silicone Materials for LED Packaging," Proc. of SPIE , 6337, 1-7.
[71]http://albright1.com/factors-in-selecting-medical-silicones-2/
[72]S. R. Chung, K. W. Wang, and M. W. Wang, 2013, "Hybrid YAG/CdSe Quantum Dots Phosphors for White Light-Emitting Diodes," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., 13, 1-6.
[73]N. Reitinger, A. Hohenau, S. Köstler, J. R. Krenn, A. Leitner, 2011," Radiationless energy transfer in CdSe/ZnS quantum dot aggregates embedded in PMMA," Phys. Status Solidi Appl. Mater. Sci., 208, 710-714.
[74]C. B. Siao, K. W. Wang, H. S. Chen, Y. S. Su, and S. R. Chung, 2016, "Ultra high luminous efficacy of white ZnxCd1-xS quantum dots-based white light emitting diodes," Opt. Mater. Express, 749, 256194.
[75]X. Yuan, X. Yuan, 2015, "Dual Emissive Manganese and Copper Co-Doped Zn-In-S Quantum Dots as a Single Color-Converter for High Color Rendering White-Light-Emitting Diodes," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 7, 16, 8659-8666.
[76]H. S. Chen, K. W. Wang, S. S. Chen, and S. R. Chung, 2013, "ZnxCd1-xS quantum dots-based white light-emitting diodes," Opt. Lett., 38(12), 2080-2082.
[77]B. K. Chen, H. Z. Zhong, W. Q. Zhang, Z. A. Tan, Y. F. Li, C. R. Yu, T. Y. Zhai, Y. S. Bando, S. Y. Yang, and B. S. Zou, 2012, "Highly emissive and color-tunable CuInS2-based colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals: off-stoichiometry effects and improved electroluminescence performance," Adv. Funct. Mater., 22, 2081-2088.
[78]Y. K. Kim, S. H. Ahn, K. Chung, Y. S. Cho, C. J. Choi, 2012, "The Photoluminescence of CuInS2 Nanocrystals: Effect of Non-stoichiometry and Surface Modification," J. Mater. Chem., 22, 1516-1520.
[79]J. Seo, S. Raut, M. Abdel-Fattah, Q. Rice, B. Tabibi, R. Rich, R. Fudala, I. Gryczynski, Z. Gryczynski, W. J. Kim, S. Jung, and R. Hyun, 2013, "Time-resolved and temperature-dependent photoluminescence of ternary and quaternary nanocrystals of CuInS2 with ZnS capping and cation exchange," J. Appl. Phys., 114, 094310.
[80]K. T. Kuo, S. Y. Chen, B. M. Cheng, and C. C. Lin, 2008, "Synthesis and Characterization of Highly Luminescent CuInS2 and CuInS2/ZnS (Core/Shell) Nanocrystals," Thin Solid Films, 517, 1257-1261.
[81]D. E. Nam, W. S. Song, and H. Yang, 2011, "Non-injection, One-Pot Synthesis of Cu-Deficient CuInS2/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots and Their Fluorescent Properties,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., 361, 491-496.
[82]Y. Chen, S. Li, L. Huang, and D. Pan, 2013, "Green and Facile Synthesis of Water-Soluble Cu-In-S/ZnS Core/Shell Quantum Dots," Inorg. Chem., 52, 7819-7821.
[83]W. Guo, N. Chen, Y. Tu, C. Dong, B. Zhang, C. Hu, and J. Chang, 2013, "Synthesis of Zn-Cu-In-S/ZnS core/shell quantum dots with inhibited blue-shift photoluminescence and applications for tumor targeted bioimaging," Theranostics, 3, 99-108.
[84]X. S. Tang, W. L. Cheng, E. S. G. Choo, and J. M. Xue, 2011, "Synthesis of CuInS2/ZnS alloyed nanocubes with high luminescence," Chem. Commun., 47, 5217-5219.
[85]W. J. Zhang and X. H. Zhong, 2011, "Facile synthesis of ZnS-CuInS2-alloyed nanocrystals for a color-tunable fluorchrome and photocatalyst," Inorg. Chem., 50, 4065-4072.
[86]H. Zang, H. Li, 2017, "Thick-Shell CuInS2/ZnS Quantum Dots with Suppressed “Blinking”and Narrow Single-Particle Emission Line Widths," Nano Lett., 17, 1787−1795
[87]M. Zhu, Y. Li, 2019, "Deep-red emitting zinc and aluminium co-doped copper indium sulfide quantum dots for luminescent solar concentrators," J. Colloid and Interface Sci., 534, 509-51
[88]X. Zhong, M. Han, 2003, "Composition-Tunable ZnxCd1-xSe Nanocrystals with High Luminescence and Stability" J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 28, 8589-8594
[89]J. E. Jaffe and A. Zunger, 1983, "Electronic Structure of The Ternary Chalcopyrite Semiconductors CuAlS2, CuGaS2, CuInS2, CuAlSe2, CuGaSe2, and CuInSe2," Phys. Rev. B, 28, 5822-5847.
[90]A. Birkel, K. A. Denault, N. C. George, C. E. Doll, B. Hery, A. A. Mikhailovsky, C. S. Birkel, B.-C. Hong, and R. Seshadri, 2012, "Rapid microwave preparation of highly efficient Ce3+-substituted garnet phosphors for solid state white lighting, " Chem. Mater., 24, 1198-1204.
[91]H. T. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. K. Lee, and Y. C. Kang, 2012, "Green light-emitting Lu3Al5O12: Ce phosphor powders prepared by spray pyrolysis," Mater. Res. Bull., 47, 1428-1431.
[92]L. X. Wang, M. Yin, C. X. Guo, and W. P. Zhang, 2010, "Synthesis and luminescent properties of Ce3+ doped LuAG nano-sized powders by mixed solvo-thermal method," J. Rare Earths, 1, 16-21.
[93]W. J. Yang and T. M. Chen, 2007, "Ce3+/Eu2+ codoped Ba2ZnS3: a blue radiation-converting phosphor for white light-emitting diodes," Appl. Phys. Lett., 171908, 1-4.
[94]H. L. Li, X. J. Liu, and L. P. Huang, 2007, "Luminescent properties of LuAG: Ce phosphors with different Ce contents prepared by a sol-gel combustion method," Opt. Mater., 29, 1138-1142.