臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

大部分元件存在著摩擦力的問題，如果太多摩擦力發生在機件上，會導致過多的能量消耗或者產生機件磨損，導致機台效率不佳，這時潤滑油就成了不可或缺的重要因素，市面上的潤滑油幾乎都是以礦物油為基礎的礦物性潤滑劑，礦物油是由石油提煉出來的，如今石油儲存量越來越少，石油產物也會對環境造成汙染，使用過的潤滑油，最終流入環境造成汙染，所以我們利用廢棄的咖啡渣提煉成咖啡渣油後，製成對環境友善的咖啡潤滑油去取代市面上的礦物性潤滑劑，以減少潤滑油對環境造成災害，還給大自然一個乾淨的環境。本論文目標是將甘油、界面活性劑和咖啡渣油混合，產生出性能優於礦物油且對環境友善的咖啡潤滑油。
本研究顯示摻配界面活性劑與甘油不同比例，可以改變其黏度、水份、提升黏度指數與其他磨潤性能。在相同黏度下摻配不同比例之咖啡渣油、甘油與界面活性劑，本論文已製研出數種生物相容咖啡潤滑油組合，在摩擦係數、黏度指數優於傳統循環潤滑油之生物相容潤滑油。若再添加0.3wt%之奈米顆粒氧化銅，除了上述摩擦係數與黏度指數的優點外，磨耗體積與磨耗表面粗度更優於循環潤滑油與未添加顆粒之生物相容潤滑油。

Lubricating oil is a indispensible key factor to most components, because it will causes friction when two components contact, too much friction will lead to excessive energy consumption or wear and decrease the machine operates efficiency.Lubricating oil that often apply in the use of lubricant is made of mineral oil, but mineral oil is extracted from petroleum, and nowadays the petroleum storage is declining. Otherwise, the petroleum products will pollute the invironment.Therefore, using the coffee dregs to refine into coffee lubricant oil, coffee lubricants is to replace the mineral lubricants and then make environmentally friendly, so as to reduce the environmental damage caused by lubricating oil.This study objective is to mix glycerin, surfactant and coffee dregs to produce a lubricant oil that is superior to mineral oil and make this world a better place.
Studies have shown that by adding blending surfactants with different ratios of glycerin can change their viscosity and water content, increasing viscosity index and other tribology properties.By mixing different proportions of coffee residue oil, glycerin and surfactant at the same viscosity, several biocompatible coffee lubricating oils have been developed, and the biocompatible lubricants with better coefficient of friction and viscosity index than traditional lubricants.Except the above advantages of COF and viscosity index, if increasing extra 0.3wt% weight of nano-particle copper oxide, the material wear volume and the material wear surface roughness are better than the traditional lubricant oil and the biocompatible lubricating oil without added additive.

摘要...i
Abstract...ii
誌謝...iii
目錄...iv
表目錄...vii
圖目錄...viii
第一章 緒論...1
1.1 前言...1
1.2 研究動機與目的...1
1.3 文獻回顧...1
1.3.1 植物油成分與潤滑油關係文獻回顧...1
1.3.2 植物潤滑油文獻回顧...2
1.3.3 咖啡潤滑油、裂解咖啡油與裂解植物油文獻回顧...4
1.3.4 專利分析...5
1.4 論文架構...5
第二章 基礎理論...7
2.1 潤滑油...7
2.1.1 天然礦物油...7
2.1.2 天然油或動植物油...8
2.1.3 合成油...8
2.2 裂解...9
2.3 甘油(Glycerin)...9
2.3.1 甘油安全資料表...10
2.4 添加劑...12
2.5 生物相容性...15
2.5.1 生物相容性測試...15
2.6 黏度指數 ( Viscoscity Index )...16
2.7 史崔派克圖 17
第三章 實驗方法與儀器...20
3.1 咖啡潤滑油調配...20
3.1.1 咖啡潤滑油調配步驟...20
3.1.2 咖啡潤滑油調配步驟注意事項...20
3.2 咖啡潤滑油實驗...20
3.2.1 磨耗試驗機...20
3.2.2 磨耗試驗機介紹...21
3.2.3 磨耗試驗機操作流程...22
3.2.4 試件尺寸...24
3.3 表面粗糙度量測儀...26
3.3.1 粗糙度量...26
3.3.2 粗糙度量測儀實驗步驟...26
3.3.3 粗糙度量測儀注意事項...26
3.4 水份...27
3.4.1 容量法水份儀...27
3.4.2 容量法水份儀實驗步驟...28
3.4.3 注意事項...30
3.4.4 手持糖分計...30
3.5 黏度...30
3.5.1 奧斯窩黏度計...31
3.5.2 奧斯窩黏度計實驗步驟...31
3.5.3 注意事項...32
3.6 光學顯微鏡(Optical microscope、Light microscope)...32
3.6.1 光學顯微鏡(OM)...33
3.6.2 三維光學顯微鏡 (ContourGT-K)...33
3.7 總酸價檢測...34
3.7.1 電位差自動滴定儀...34
3.7.2 電位差自動滴定儀實驗步驟...35
3.7.3 注意事項...35
第四章 結果與討論...37
4.1 純咖啡渣油、甘油、R68循環機油性質...37
4.2 甘油對純咖啡渣油之影響...38
4.3 界面活性劑B對純咖啡渣油之影響...41
4.4 界面活性劑A與B的比較...43
4.5 不同比例咖啡潤滑油與R68比較...46
4.5.1 黏度指數...46
4.5.2 咖啡潤滑油磨耗試驗機測試...48
4.5.3 咖啡潤滑油試驗後Ra、Rq、Rz與磨痕寬度變化...53
4.5.4 啡潤滑油試驗後其水份、黏度、TAN分析...62
4.6 咖啡潤滑油添加奈米顆粒...65
4.6.1 咖啡潤滑油添加奈米顆粒磨耗試驗機測試...65
4.6.2 咖啡潤滑油添加奈米顆粒試驗後其Ra、Rq、Rz與磨痕寬度變化...67
4.6.3 咖啡潤滑油添加奈米顆粒試驗後其水份、黏度、TAN分析...73
第五章 結論與未來展望...75
參考文獻...77
Extened Abstract...80

[1]2018年全球咖啡產量和消費概況及2019年預測from: http://www.coffinance.com/detail/1200
[2]王箴, 1994, “英漢化工大辭典”,中央圖書供應社, pp. 949.
[3]J. B. Rodssell., J. L. R. Pritchard, 1991, “Analysis of Oilseeds Fats and Fatty Foods”, Elsevier Applied Science, pp. 290-291.
[4]J. N. Coupland, D. J. Mcclements, 1997, JAOCS, Vol. 74, No. 12, pp. 1560.
[5]P. Esquivel, V. M. Jiménez, 2012, “Functional Properties of Coffee and Coffee by-Products”, Food Research International, Vol. 46, pp. 488-495.
[6]L. S. Oliveira, A. S. Franca, R. R.S. Camargos, V. P. Ferraz, 2008, “Coffee Oil as a Potential Feedstock for Biodiesel Production”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 99, pp. 3244-3250.
[7]G. A. Romeiro, E. C. Salgado, R. V. S. Silva, M. K. -K. Figueiredo, P. A. Pinto, R. N. Damasceno, 2012, “A Study of Pyrolysis Oil from Soluble Coffee Ground Using Low Temperature Conversion (LTC) Process”, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol. 93, pp. 47-51.
[8]C.-C. Ting, C.-C. Chen, 2011, “Viscosity and Working Efficiency Analysis of Soybean Oil Based Bio-Lubricants”, Measurement, Vol. 44, pp. 1337-1341.
[9]S. Asadauskas, J. M. Perez, J. L. Duda, 1997, “Lubrication Proportions of Castor Oil Potential Basestock for Biodegradable Lubricants”, Lubrication Engineering, vol.53, pp. 35-40.
[10]S. Odi-Owei, 1989, “Tribological Properties of Some Vegetable Oils and Fats”, Lubrication Engineering, vol.45, pp. 658-690.
[11]I. Minami, S. Mitsumune, 2002, “Antiwear Properties of Phosphorous-Containing Compounds in Vegetable Oils”, Tribology Letters, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 95-101.
[12]I. Minami, K. Mimura, 2004, “Synergistic Effect of Antiwear Additives and Antioxidants in Vegetable Oil”, Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, Vol. 22, pp. 193-205.
[13]S. Z. Erhan, B. K. Sharma, Joseph M. Perez, 2006, “Oxidation and Low Temperature Stability of Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricants”, Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 24, pp. 292-299.
[14]A. Bouaid, M. Martinez, J. Aracil, 2010, “Biorefinery Approach for Coconut Oil Valorisation：A Statistical Study”, Bioresource Technology, pp. 4006-4012.
[15]H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Maleque, Kubo, T. Nonaka, 1999, “Palm Oil and Minerals Oil Based Lubricants-Their Tribological and Emission Performance”, Trubology International, Vol. 32, pp. 305-314.
[16]H. H. Masjuki, M. A. Maleque, 1997, ”Investigation of the Anti-Wear Characteristics of Palm Oil Methyl Ester Using a Four-Ball Tribometer Test”, Wear, Vol. 206, No. 1, pp. 179-186.
[17]S. Syahrullail, B. M. Zubil, C. S. N. Azwadi, M. J. M. Ridzuan, 2011, “Experimental Evaluation of Palm Oil as Lubricant in Cold Forward Extrusion Process”, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 53, pp. 549-555.
[18]M. Deleu, G. Vaca-Medina, J.-F. Fabre, J. Roiz, R. Valentin, Z. Mouloungui, 2010, “Interfacial Properties of Oleosins and Phospholipids from Rapeseed for the Stability of Oil Bodies in Aqueous Medium”, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, Vol. 80, pp. 125-132.
[19]C. O. Akerman, A. E. V. Hagstrom, M. A. Mollaahmad, S. Karlsson, R. Hatti-Kaul, 2011, “Biolubricant Synthesis using Immobilised Lipase：Process Optimization of Trimethylolpropane Oleate Production”, Process Biochemistry, Vol. 46, pp. 2225-2231.
[20]C. O. Akerman, Y. Gaber, N. A. Ghani, M. Lamsa, R. Hatti-Kaul, 2011, “Clean Synthesis of Biolubricants for Low Temperature Applications using Heterogeneous Catalysts”, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B：Enzymatic, Vol. 72, pp. 263-269.
[21]J. Salimon, N. Salih, E. Yousif, 2011, “Chemically Modified Biolubricant Basestocks from Epoxidized Oleic Acid：Improved Low Temperature Properties and Oxidative Stability”, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, Vol. 15, pp. 195-201.
[22]Y. Tao, B. Chen, L. Liu, Tianwei Tan, 2012, “Synthesis of Trimethylolpropane Esters with Immobilized Lipase from Candida sp. 99–125”, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B：Enzymatic, Vol. 74, pp. 151-155.
[23]J. Salimon, N. Salih, E. Yousif, 2012, “Industrial Development and Applications of Plant Oils and Their Biobased Oleochemicals”, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 5, pp. 135-145.
[24]R. Sanchez, G. B. Stringari, J. M. Franco, C. Valencia, C. Gallegos, 2011, “Use of Chitin, Chitosan and Acylated Derivatives as Thickener Agents of Vegetable Oils for Bio-Lubricant Applications”, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 85, pp. 705-714.
[25]N. Nunez, J. E. Martin-Alfonso, C. Valencia, M. C. Sanchez, J. M. Franco, 2012, “Rheology of New Green Lubricating Grease Formulations Containing Cellulose Pulp and its Methylated Derivative as Thickener Agents”, Industrial Crops and Products, Vol. 37, pp. 500-507.
[26]R. Sanchez, J. M. Franco, M.A. Delgado, C. Valencia, C. Gallegos, 2011, “Thermal and Mechanical Characterization of Cellulosic Derivatives-Based Oleogels Potentially Applicable as Bio-Lubricating Greases：Influence of Ethyl Cellulose Molecular Weight”, Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 83, pp. 151-158.
[27]J. E. Martin-Alfonso, N. Nunez, C. Valencia, J. M. Franco, M. J. Diaz, 2011, “Formulation of New Biodegradable Lubricating Greases using Ethylated Cellulose Pulp as Thickener Agent”, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 17, pp. 818-823.
[28]A. Igartua, R. Nevshupa, X. Fernandez, M. Conte, R. Zabala, J. Bernaola, P. Zabala, R. Luther, J. Rausch, 2011, “Alternative Eco-Friendly Lubes for Clean Two-Stroke Engines”, Tribology International, Vol. 44, pp. 727-736.
[29]I. Minami, H.-S. Hong, Naresh C. Mathur, 1999, “Lubrication Performance of Model Organic Compounds in High Oleic Sunflower Oil”, Journal of Synthetic Lubrication, Vol. 16, pp. 1-12
[30]S. M. Deotale, S. Dutta, J.A. Moses , C. Anandharamakrishnan “Coffee oil as a natural surfactant”, Vol. 15;295, pp. 180-188, doi: 10.1016
[31]M.N.Uddin, K. Techato, MG Rasul, N.M.S Hassan, M. Mofijur “Waste coffee oil: A promising source for biodiesel production” , Vol. 160, pp. 677-682
[32]鄭翔戎, 2012 “稻稈與咖啡升值潤滑劑的潤滑性能分析” ,國立虎尾科技大學機電所碩士論文, 台灣
[33]陳家齊, 2018 “CuO奈米顆粒對生質咖啡潤滑油磨潤性能之影響研究” ,國立虎尾科技大學
[34]S. Conrad, C. Blajin T. Schulzke, 2019, “Comparison of fast pyrolysis bio‐oils from straw and miscanthus”, doi: 10.1002, ep.13287
[35]S.-A. Martin, K. Thomas, Z. Sarah, 2011, “PATENT：Lubricant Composition Based on Natural and Renewable Raw Materials”, Patent number: MX2010013119 (A).
[36]C. E. Anthony, G. Dale, 2011, “PATENT：Environmentally-Friendly Kelp-Based Energy Saving Lubricants, Biofuels, and other Industrial Products”, Patent number: US2011152144 (A1).
[37]S. A. Kumar, C. Aruna, 2011, “PATENT：Composition of Biodegradable Gear Oil”, Patent number: US2011207638 (A1).
[38]O. Botz, 2010,“PATENT：Vegetable Oil-Based Hydraulic Fluid and Transmission Fluid”, Patent number： WO2010105740 (A1).
[39]李冠宗, “潤滑學”, 1988, 11-53.
[40]史崔派克圖http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=lubrication_ regimes
[41]A. Beerbower, 1971, “A Critical Surver of Mathmetical Mode is for Boundary Lubrucation”, ASLE Trans., Vol. 14, pp. 90-104.
[42]J.-H. Horng, 1998, “Contact Analysis of Rough Surfaces at Transition Conditions in Sliding Line Lubrication”, WEAR, Vol. 219, pp. 205-212.