臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

環保署調查顯示，目前國內農地砷污染主要成因大多數都是因長期引用富砷的地下水進行灌溉所致。污染範圍主要分布在蘭陽平原、濁水溪沖積扇、嘉南平原及屏東平原四個區域，涵蓋面積相當的廣。面對這麼多因地質因素所造成的富砷農地，若要整治，所需費用相當龐大。若屬地質因素不進行改善，對於富砷土壤種植食用蔬菜之安全性，有待評估。
生物炭具有改變土壤特性及碳封存的功用，為目前在農業與環保方面相當積極推廣的農藝資材。本研究以農業廢棄物稻殼製備生物炭，依重量比0%、5%、10%、15%的方式施用生物炭，探討施用生物炭對蔬菜作物吸收砷濃度之影響。另外降低灌溉水砷濃度，才能減緩農地土壤砷濃度累積速度。本研究選擇十二種資材進行富砷水溶液吸附試驗，探討不同資材對於砷的吸附能力，藉此開發降低灌溉水砷的處理技術。
研究結果顯示，除了水耕水蕹菜外，其它五種試驗蔬菜作物施用生物炭皆可提升產量，且五種蔬菜作物可食用部位砷含量均低於衛福部公告之白米無機砷食用限量標準0.2 mg/kg，顯示富砷農地土壤種植蔬菜作物，可食用部位對砷之累積濃度不高。水蕹菜砷含量遠高於其它五種蔬菜植物，建議富砷農地盡量不要種植水生食用作物。施用生物炭有提升作物根部及地上部砷濃度的趨勢，若以植生復育改善砷污染土壤，施用生物炭具有加速砷移除速率的潛力。台灣製造之超深燒陶粒，不論是塊狀或粉狀時，對砷具有非常高的吸附能力，對於0.25~1.0 ppm的砷水溶液，砷去除效率皆可達99%以上。本研究自行製備之氯化鈣改質生物炭，對砷之去除能力也可達60%以上，未來可再繼續探討其做為灌溉水移除砷技術之可行性。

According to the EPA survey, most of the main causes of arsenic pollution in agricultural land in China are caused by long-term arsenic-based groundwater irrigation. The pollution range is mainly distributed in the Lanyang Plain, the Zhuoshuixi Alluvial Fan, the Jianan Plain and the Pingtung Plain, covering a wide area. In the face of so many arsenic-rich agricultural land caused by geological factors, the cost of rectification is quite large. If the geological factors are not improved, the safety of planting edible vegetables in arsenic-rich soils needs to be evaluated.
Biochar has the function of changing soil properties and carbon sequestration, and is agronomic material that is currently actively promoted in agriculture and environmental protection. In this study, biochar was prepared from agricultural waste rice husks, and biochar was applied at a weight ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% to investigate the effect of biochar application on the absorption of arsenic in vegetable crops. In addition, reducing the arsenic concentration of irrigation water can slow down the accumulation rate of arsenic concentration in agricultural land. In this study, twelve kinds of materials were selected for the adsorption test of arsenic-rich aqueous solution, and the adsorption capacity of different materials for arsenic was explored, thereby developing a treatment technology for reducing arsenic in irrigation water.
The results showed that in addition to hydroponic water, the application of biochar in the other five experimental vegetable crops could increase the yield, and the arsenic content of the edible parts of the five vegetable crops was lower than the white rice inorganic arsenic consumption limit published by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. Mg/kg, showing that arsenic-rich agricultural soils are planted with vegetable crops, and the cumulative concentration of arsenic in edible parts is not high. The arsenic content of water amaranth is much higher than that of the other five vegetable plants. It is recommended that arsenic-rich agricultural land should not plant aquatic food crops as much as possible. The application of biochar has a tendency to increase the arsenic concentration in the roots and shoots of crops. If phyto-contaminated soil is improved by phytoremediation, the application of biochar has the potential to accelerate the rate of arsenic removal. The ultra-deep-burning ceramsite made in Taiwan has a very high adsorption capacity for arsenic in both bulk and powder form. For 0.25-1.0 ppm arsenic aqueous solution, the arsenic removal efficiency can reach more than 99%. The self-prepared calcium chloride modified biochar can also remove more than 60% of arsenic. In the future, it can continue to explore its feasibility as an arsenic removal technology for irrigation water.

目錄
摘要 ....................................................................................................................... I
Abstract ............................................................................................................. III
誌謝 ...................................................................................................................... V
目錄.....................................................................................................................VI
表目錄.................................................................................................................XI
圖目錄.................................................................................................................XII
第一章 前言......................................................................................................... 1
1-1研究緣起...................................................................................................... 1
1-2研究目的...................................................................................................... 2
第二章 文獻回顧................................................................................................. 3
2-1重金屬砷污染來源與毒性......................................................................... 3
2-1-1砷污染來源........................................................................................... 3
2-1-2砷的型態............................................................................................... 3
2-1-3砷對人體之危害................................................................................... 4
2-1-4土壤重金屬監測及管制標準............................................................... 5
2-1-5地下水污染監測與管制標準............................................................... 7
2-1-6 食品中重金屬限量標準...................................................................... 8

2-2影響土壤中重金屬移動性之因素 ............................................................. 9
2-2-1土壤酸鹼值 ........................................................................................... 9
2-2-2陽離子交換容量 ................................................................................... 9
2-2-3土壤有機質 ........................................................................................... 9
2-2-4土壤質地分析 ..................................................................................... 10
2-3重金屬鍵結型態及分布 ........................................................................... 11
2-4 生物炭之來源 .......................................................................................... 13
2-5 生物炭之特性 .......................................................................................... 14
2-6 生物炭施用於土壤中之影響 .................................................................. 15
2-7 陶粒的產生與應用 .................................................................................. 16
第三章 材料與方法 ........................................................................................... 18
3-1 研究內容與架構 ...................................................................................... 18
3-2研究方法.................................................................................................... 21
3-2-1 試驗材料 ............................................................................................ 21
3-2-2 盆栽試驗 ............................................................................................ 21
3-3 研究儀器設備與器材 .............................................................................. 23

3-3-1實驗儀器設備 ..................................................................................... 23
3-3-2 實驗材料藥品 .................................................................................... 24
3-4 生物炭製備方法 ...................................................................................... 26
3-5 分析方法................................................................................................... 27
3-5-1試驗土壤採集及前處理 ..................................................................... 27
3-5-2土壤含水率 ......................................................................................... 27
3-5-3土壤pH值 .......................................................................................... 28
3-5-4 陽離子交換容量 ................................................................................ 29
3-5-5 土壤有機質 ........................................................................................ 30
3-5-6土壤電導度 ......................................................................................... 31
3-5-7 土壤有效磷 ........................................................................................ 32
3-5-8土壤重金屬全量 ................................................................................. 33
3-5-9 土壤鍵結型態分析 ............................................................................ 34
3-5-10 生物有效性-0.5M NaHCO3 ............................................................. 36
3-5-11 生物有效性-0.1N 鹽酸萃取法 ....................................................... 37
3-5-12 土壤質地分析 .................................................................................. 37

3-5-13 植體全量分析 .................................................................................. 39
3-5-14 水中砷全量分析 .............................................................................. 39
3-5-15 吸附試驗 .......................................................................................... 40
3-5-16 等溫吸附試驗 .................................................................................. 41
3-6 栽種試驗蔬菜之介紹 .............................................................................. 42
3-6-1 莧菜 .................................................................................................... 42
3-6-2 水蕹菜 ................................................................................................ 42
3-6-3 茼蒿 .................................................................................................... 43
第四章 結果與討論 ........................................................................................... 46
4-1 試驗土壤與生物炭特性 .......................................................................... 46
4-2 試驗土壤生物有效性 .............................................................................. 48
4-2-1 序列萃取法 ........................................................................................ 48
4-2-2 0.5M碳酸氫鈉萃取法及0.1N鹽酸萃取法 ..................................... 49
4-3 盆栽栽種試驗蔬菜作物生長情形 .......................................................... 50
4-4 施用生物炭對蔬菜吸收砷之影響 .......................................................... 57
4-4-1 莧菜 .................................................................................................... 57

4-4-2 水蕹菜 ................................................................................................ 59
4-4-3 尖葉萵苣 ............................................................................................ 62
4-4-4 半結球萵苣 ........................................................................................ 64
4-4-5 菠菜 .................................................................................................... 66
4-4-6 茼蒿 .................................................................................................... 68
4-4-7 現地試驗栽種 .................................................................................... 70
4-5 吸附試驗資材 .......................................................................................... 72
4-6 吸附試驗................................................................................................... 79
4-6 等溫吸附試驗 .......................................................................................... 82
第五章 結論 ....................................................................................................... 84
參考文獻 ............................................................................................................. 86

表目錄
表2-1 土壤污染監測標準 ................................................................................... 6
表2-2 土壤污染管制標準 ................................................................................... 6
表2-3 地下水污染監測標準 ............................................................................... 7
表2-4食品中重金屬限量標準 ............................................................................ 8
表3-1研究使用之實驗設備與儀器 ................................................................. 23
表3-2實驗藥品名稱與廠牌 .............................................................................. 24
表4-1試驗土壤與生物炭基本性質 ................................................................. 46
表4-2試驗土壤與生物炭重金屬砷含量分析 ................................................. 47
表4-3 試驗土壤序列萃取 ................................................................................. 48
表4-4 試驗土壤0.5M碳酸氫鈉萃取法及0.1N鹽酸萃取法 ........................ 49
表4-5 莧菜生質量與含水率 ............................................................................. 50
表4-6 水蕹菜生質量與含水率......................................................................... 51
表4-7尖葉萵苣生質量與含水率 ..................................................................... 53
表4-9半結球萵苣生質量與含水率 ................................................................. 54
表4-10菠菜生質量與含水率 ............................................................................ 55
表4-11吸附試驗資材與重金屬XRF篩測結果 .............................................. 73

圖目錄
圖2-1 砷物種隨Eh及pH變化分布圖 ............................................................. 4
圖2-2 土壤質地三角圖 ..................................................................................... 11
圖3-1 研究架構 ................................................................................................. 20
圖3-2 質地分析圖 ............................................................................................. 38
圖3-3 莧菜 ......................................................................................................... 44
圖3-4 水蕹菜 ..................................................................................................... 44
圖3-5 茼蒿 ......................................................................................................... 45
圖3-6 尖葉萵苣 ................................................................................................. 45
圖3-7 半結球萵苣 ............................................................................................. 45
圖3-8 菠菜 ......................................................................................................... 45
圖4-1 莧菜盆栽試驗生長情形......................................................................... 51
圖4-2 水蕹菜盆栽試驗生長情形 .................................................................... 52
圖4-3 尖葉萵苣與茼蒿盆栽試驗生長情形 .................................................... 53
圖4-4 半結球萵苣及菠菜盆栽試驗生長情形 ................................................ 55
圖4-5 盆栽試驗莧菜植體砷含量 .................................................................... 58
圖4-6 盆栽試驗水蕹菜植體砷含量 ................................................................ 61

圖4-7 盆栽試驗尖葉萵苣植體砷含量 ............................................................ 63
圖4-8 盆栽試驗半結球萵苣植體砷含量 ........................................................ 65
圖4-9 盆栽試驗菠菜植體砷含量 .................................................................... 67
圖4-10 盆栽試驗茼蒿植體砷含量 .................................................................. 69
圖4-11 現地試驗半結球萵苣生長情形 .......................................................... 70
圖4-12 現地試驗尖葉萵苣生長情形 .............................................................. 71
圖4-13 現地試驗尖葉萵苣及半結球萵苣植體砷含量 .................................. 71
圖4-14 不同資材與1 ppm砷水溶液吸附反應後溶液砷濃度 ...................... 80
圖4-15 不同資材與0.5 ppm砷水溶液吸附反應後溶液砷濃度 ................... 80
圖4-16 不同資材與0.25 ppm砷水溶液吸附反應後溶液砷濃度 ................. 81
圖4-17 三種資材於1 ppm含砷水溶液等溫吸附試驗後分析結果 .............. 82
圖4-18 三種資材於0.5 ppm含砷水溶液等溫吸附試驗後分析結果 ........... 83
圖4-19 三種資材於0.25 ppm水溶液等溫吸附試驗後分析結果 ................. 83

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