臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

被視為是第三次工業革命的積層製造技術近幾年因全球高齡化而在精準醫療的領域獲得越來越多的重視及應用，其高度的製造彈性也使得設計方式不再受到製造工法的限制，讓更多對於客製化植體的構想可以付諸實現，故本研究融合CT影像重建軟體、觸覺設計系統以及參數式設計平台為二次植入的病患設計客製化人工髖關節及其內部微結構，透過參數式設計平台的程式可視化之優點來提高設計時的效率，利用不同的工作序列設計及幾何運算元件來控制微結構中的孔洞精準度及其拓樸性質，藉此模擬出適合人體骨細胞增生與附著的環境，降低植體鬆脫的機率。
而透過壓縮測試對微結構試片進行等校楊氏係數的探討，找出不同多孔率微結構的機械強度，並與人體各不同骨部位進行強度配對，以此降低應力遮蔽效應發生的情形，然而在現今積層製造技術成熟發展的今天多數的結構模型都選擇以STL模型進行設計或保存，然而附有這種格式的複雜模型再進行有限元素分析的前處理之前都需先經過一套冗長的網格修復及曲面重建流程才能進行元素的劃分與有限元素分析，不僅計算起來耗時也耗軟硬體資源，許多的廠商都是因此選擇使用高時間及金錢成本的試誤法來找出微結構的等效楊氏係數。
因應此狀況本研究透過體素型網格的高效率劃分優勢提出一個快速評估的方式，幫助複雜的微結構STL模型跳過網格修復及幾何重建流程，讓模型直接進行前處理並分析求解，以便取代試誤法，而本研究透過此方式求解出的等效楊氏係數與實際的壓縮測試數據進行比較後也得出了19%的穩定誤差率。

In recent years, due to the rapid-aging society, additive manufacturing(AM) which is consider to be the third industrial revolution, had been highly valued and apllied by the field of precision medicine, AM also increase the flexibility of the design of the prosthetics, so the design method will no longer limit by the manufacture process, it help more and more ideas can be implemented, in this study we combine the CT image reconstruction software 3D-Slicer, 3D-Touch system and algorithm aided design(AAD) platform to design customized prosthetics and the internal scaffold for the patient, use the program visible benefit of the AAD to increase the efficacy during design process, through various work flow and components to control the precision of the pore size of the scaffold and it’s topological traits.
To mimic a suitable environment for bone cell proliferation and cell attachment, decrease the loose chance of the prosthetics, and through compressive test, different porosity of the Young’s modulus of the scaffold can be obtained, avoid stress shielding effect by matching the Young’s modulus with different parts of human bone, however due to the highly developed of the AM technology, most of the model choose to be designed and saved in the STL format, and before the preproscessing process of the Finite element analysis(FEA), this kind of format required a complex procedure to repair the mesh and geometry reconstruction, not only time consuming it also cost a lot of computational resourcese, so most of the company decided to use trial and error to probe the Young’s modulus of the scaffold.
In order to increase the efficacy, in research we proposed a rapid method to help complex .stl model to skip mesh repair and geometry reconstruction process, by using the concept of voxel mesh, this method allowed the complex STL model execute preprocessing directly, after compared the Young’s modulus from FEA and compressive test, a stable error rate of 19% can be obtained.

摘要......i
Abstract......ii
誌謝......iii
目錄......iv
表目錄......ix
圖目錄......x
第一章 緒論......1
1.1 前言......1
1.2 研究動機與目的......1
1.3 文獻回顧......2
1.3.1 電腦斷層掃描......2
1.3.2電腦斷層掃描於醫學影像的貢獻......2
1.3.3 DICOM的格式......2
1.3.4灰階值......4
1.3.5 Hounsfield Unit......4
1.3.6窗寬及窗位......5
1.3.7 骨缺損的分級......6
1.3.8 3D-Slicer之CT影像三維建模......6
1.3.9 客製化人工關節......6
1.3.10髖臼解剖學與固定孔位安裝......7
1.3.11沃夫定律與應力遮蔽效應......7
1.3.12 成骨細胞、破骨細胞、間充質幹細胞......7
1.3.13 微結構之孔洞尺寸、多孔率及機械性質......8
1.3.14 微結構的幾何型態......8
1.3.15 極小曲面(TPMS)......9
1.3.16 沃羅諾伊圖......9
1.3.17參數式設計軟體Grasshopper於仿生型微結構設計的應用......9
1.3.18 網格細化演算法......10
1.3.19以CT成像為基礎的體素型網格有限元素分析法......11
1.3.20體素型網格與四面體網格的誤差率比較......11
1.3.21體素型網格與四面體網格的誤差率比較......11
1.3.22密質骨之結構......11
1.4研究流程......12
1.5論文架構......13
第二章 系統設備與軟體......14
2.1前言......14
2.2電腦系統......14
2.3軟體使用......14
2.3.1 3D-Slicer......14
2.3.2 Rhino......14
2.3.3 Grasshopper......14
2.3.4 ANSYS......14
2.4設備使用......15
2.4.1 Geomagic Touch......15
2.4.2 萬能材料試驗機......15
第三章 客製化人工髖關節之設計......16
3.1前言......16
3.2 斷層掃描模型重建......16
3.3 骨缺損評估......17
3.4 髖臼方位量測及調整......17
3.5觸覺設計系統......18
3.5.1 平滑化與布林運算......18
3.5.2 孔位風險評估......18
3.5.3 髖臼植體孔位設計......19
3.5.4 分層式設計......20
3.5.5 實體組合模擬及重量量測......21
3.6 手術過程及術後比對......21
3.6.1 設計流程術後檢討......22
第四章 參數式結構設計......23
4.1前言......23
4.2參數式設計軟體Grasshopper......23
4.3微結構的性質控制......23
4.3.1微結構的孔洞尺寸及多孔率......24
4.4線架構......24
4.5 TPMS 極小曲面結構......25
4.5.1 Gyroid曲面......25
4.5.2 Gyroid結構......26
4.5.3 Schwartz P曲面......26
4.6 沃羅諾伊仿生型微結構......26
4.6.1仿生型結構設計流程......27
4.6.2仿生型微結構設計流程......30
4.6.2仿生型結構之控制端......31
4.6.3仿生型結構之孔徑量測......33
4.6.4仿生型結構之孔徑數據......34
4.7 微結構的置入......35
4.7.1單元體矩陣結構置入法......35
4.7.2立方體矩陣......36
4.7.3 條件式分類......36
4.7.4微結構的置入......38
4.7.5微結構的實體化......38
4.8 等值曲面置入法......40
4.8.1 曲面性質......41
4.8.2切割後的曲面特性......41
4.8.3 透過曲面劃分建立單元體......42
4.8.4單元體的置入......42
4.9 結構應用......43
第五章 微結構的機械性質......45
5.1前言......45
5.2 壓縮試驗......45
5.2.1 仿生型結構與人體骨組織的性質比較......48
5.2.2結構弱點分析元件......49
第六章 結構之有限元素分析......50
6.1前言......50
6.2前處理之幾何重建......50
6.3體素型網格......52
6.3.1體素型網格的產生......53
6.3.2體素型網格之限制......53
6.4有限元素分析......54
6.4.1材料參數......54
6.4.2網格收斂分析......54
6.4.3 分析結果與誤差比對......56
6.4.4尺寸誤差......57
第七章 結論與未來展望......58
7.1客製化植體與結構設計......58
7.2結構實驗與分析流程......58
7.3未來展望......58
參考文獻......60
Extended Abstract......63

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