臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於工商業發達及社會變遷，現代人處於室內環境的時間增加。統計報告指出，一般人平均花在室內的時間是一生中的58-78%；而一天當中更有90%的時間在室內度過，因此室內空氣品質的良窳將明顯地影響人體健康。室內建築用的塗料如亮光漆、油漆等產品因美觀、防鏽等原因而被大量的使用在建築上，這些濕性材料大部分都含有油性的溶劑，而這些溶劑會排放出各種的揮發物有機物，造成室內環境的污染。因此本研究的主要目的在瞭解室內環境因子對油性漆TVOC排放的影響，並建立起可描述油性漆排放的特性方程式。
依據ASTM D5116-97 建構體積為53升的小型環境測試箱來模擬室內環境。在實驗規劃上，選取油性漆添加甲苯、松香水、香蕉水等不同的稀釋劑作為研究對象，溶入不同的稀釋比例，分別為油性漆與溶劑體積比為4:1、5:1、6:1。樣本的製作選擇鍍鋅鋼板作為基質，利用刷塗的方式將油塗佈在鋼板上，再置入環境測試箱中進行排放測試。實驗中規劃五個溫度值20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃和40℃，五個相對溼度35%、45%、55%、65%、75%，五個空氣交換率1/hr、1.25/hr、1.5/hr、1.75/hr和2/hr及五個表面風速0.1、0.2、0.3、0.4、0.5 m/s為變數。實驗時間規劃為8小時，TVOCs的排放量由直讀儀器PGM-30於出口處每30秒偵測一次。
在研究結果發現，不同的稀釋劑因其所含的物質有所差異，會導致不同的峰值濃度及衰減速率。以添加甲苯的油漆最高，其次為添加香蕉水的油漆，而添加松香水的油漆最低，濃度的衰減速率也有所差異。當溫度增加時，油性漆排放TVOC的濃度值會增加，衰減速率增快。當相對溼度低於55%時，隨著相對溼度的增加，TVOCs峰值的濃度會略為增加。當相對溼度為65和75%時，其峰值的濃度會出現明顯的增加，衰減速率隨著溼度增加變快。而空氣交換率增加時，其排放的峰值濃度逐漸減少，峰值出現的時間提早，衰減速率也隨著空氣交換率的增加而變快。將表面風速提高時，峰值濃度及衰減速率會隨之增高，增高的幅度則因稀釋劑的不同而有所差異。最後利用文獻中建議之污染源模式模擬實驗數據，以一階衰減模式模擬的結果最佳。因此將所有實驗數據以一階衰減模式模擬，找出模式的初始排放率E0與衰減係數k值。以個別分析的方式找出其函數關係式，再予以合理配合，進行回歸分析，找出環境參數與k值的關係，建立出k值的預測方程式。分析R0與k值間的關係，利用回歸分析的方法建立出適合描述環境因子與油性漆排放TVOCs濃度關係的參數推估方程式。

An investigation of time budgets has found that individuals spent about 90% of their day indoors; thus, indoor air quality has played an important role on human health. The coating materials, such as varnish and solvent- based paints, are widely used on buildings as a antirust layer or for the purpose of esthetics. Most of these wet materials containing hydrophobic solvents could emit a lot of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which will deteriorate indoor air quality. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to understand the effect of indoor environmental conditions on TVOCs concentrations emitted from solvent-based paints, and further to determine a parametric equation for prediction of the TVOCs concentration indoors.
According to ASTM D5116-97, a small scale environmental chamber of 53 L is used to simulate the indoor environment. The painted samples are made using one kind of solvent-based paints diluted with three kinds of solvents, individually, at three different ratios by volume (4:1, 5:1, and 6:1). The substrate is zinced steel plates for eliminating the inner diffusion. The experimental period of eight hours, five temperatures (20, 25, 30, 35 and 40℃), five relative humidity (35, 45, 55, 65 and 75%), five air exchange rates (1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75 and 2/hr), five surface wind speed (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5m/s) are considered in the environmental chamber testing. The variation of TVOCs concentration with time is recorded using a direct-reading instrument, once per 30 seconds. In addition, the source emission models published in literature are collected, and the curve-fitting are evaluated using the experimental data.
The results show that the painted samples diluted with different kinds of solvents exhibit different peak value and decay pattern of TVOCs. The peak levels decay rates of TVOCs emitted from painted samples increase with increased temperatures. When relative humidity is less than 55%, the peak concentrations of TVOCs build up slightly as relative humidity raises. While relative humidity goes up to 65 and 75%, the peak levels will increase significantly. The more the air exchange rate is higher, the less the concentration and the timing of peaking TVOC levels. When the surface wind speed increases, the peak value and decay rate both increase depending on the thinner. The findings of curving-fitting suggest that first order decay model works well for prediction of TVOCs concentration emitted from the painted samples. Through successively statistical analyses, an optimal parametric equation for k value is determined and established.

中文摘要…………………………………...………………………….……Ⅰ
英文摘要………………………………………………….………………….Ⅲ
誌謝……………………………………………………....………………..ˇ
目錄..........................................................Ⅵ
表目錄……………………………….……………………………………….Ⅸ
圖目錄…………………………………………….……………………….ⅩⅠ
符號說明....................................................ⅩⅢ
第一章 前言
1.1 研究緣起……………………………………………...………..……1-1
1.2 研究目的…………………………………………...…....……..1-2
1.3 研究內容…………………………………………………………….1-2
第二章 文獻回顧
2.1、塗料…………………………………………….………….………..2-1
2.1.1 塗料的發展…………………………………………..…………..2-1
2.1.2 塗料的功用…………………………………………....…..…..2-2
2.1.3 塗料的組成……………………………………………..…......2-3
2.1.3.1 展色劑(樹脂)……………………………………………….…2-5
2.1.3.2 塗料塗膜改良添加劑………………………………………...2-5
2.1.3.3 溶劑…………………………………………………………...2-6
2.1.4 塗料的製程…………………………………………………………2-8
2.1.5 國內外塗料製造之空氣污染管制現況……………………..…..2-9
2.2、塗料排放TVOCs的特性……………………….………………..….2-13
2.2.1塗料排放TVOCs的機制…………………………………………….2-13
2.2.2影響塗料排放TVOCs的環境因子………………………………….2-15
2.2.2.1 溫度………………………….……….…………………..… .2-15
2.2.2.2 相對濕度……………………………….….…………...…….2-16
2.2.2.3 空氣交換率……………………………………………........2-16
2.2.2.4 風速…………………….………….………………………....2-17
2.2.3 TVOCs濃度的Sink效應…………......………………….……..2-18
2.3、環境測試箱………………………………………………………….2-21
2.4、污染源排放模式模式……………………………………………….2-23
2.4.1 經驗衰減模式………………………………………….………..2-26
2.4.2 質傳模式………………………………………….……………..2-32
第三章 研究方法
3.1 實驗研究流程…………………………………………………….……3-1
3.2 污染源樣本製備……….…………………………………….…...3-2
3.2.1 基質選擇…………………………………………………………3-2
3.2.2 污染源樣本選擇…….…………………….………………….…..3-2
3.2.3 稀釋溶劑選擇…………………….……………..……….….3-2
3.2.4 塗料樣本製作…………….…..………………………………3-4
3.3 目標污染物的選定………………………………………………….3-7
3.4 重複性實驗…………………….….....…………………………..3-7
3.4.1 環境測試箱…………………………………….…..…………3-7
3.4.2 排放實驗操作流程之重複性實驗…………………..……..3-10
3.5 實驗環境參數設計……….….…………………………...…….3-11
3.6 實驗數據整理………………………………………….…...……3-13
3.6.1 實驗數據紀錄與轉換……………..…..……………………3-13
3.6.2 排放率及排放因子……………………..…………………..3-13
3.6.3 模式模擬……………………………..………………......3-14
3.5.3.1 經驗模式……………………………..………………….3-14
3.5.3.2 質傳模式……………………………..………………….3-15
第四章 結果與討論
4.1 稀釋劑對油性漆TVOCs排放的影響...….……………...……….4-1
4.1.1 不同稀釋劑對油性漆TVOCs排放的影響……………..……..4-1
4.1.2 稀釋比例對油性漆TVOCs排放的影響………..……..……..4-3
4.1.2.1 以甲苯為稀釋劑……………………………….…....….4-3
4.1.2.2 以松香水為稀釋劑………………………………...…...4-4
4.1.2.3 以香蕉水為稀釋劑…………………………….…..…...4-6
4.1.3 小結…………………………………………….…………..…4-7
4.2 溫度與相對溼度對油漆TVOCs排放的影響………………….…...4-8
4.2.1 溫度對油性漆排放TVOCs的影響…………………………....4-8
4.2.1.1 添加甲苯為稀釋劑………………………………………..…...4-8
4.2.1.2 添加松香水為稀釋劑…………………………………....4-9
4.2.1.3 添加香蕉水為稀釋劑…………………………….......4-11
4.2.2 相對溼度對油性漆TVOCs排放的影響…………………….…4-12
4.2.2.1 添加甲苯為稀釋劑………………………………….………...4-12
4.2.2.2 添加松香水為稀釋劑……………………...…........4-13
4.2.2.3 添加香蕉水為稀釋釋劑………………………….......4-15
4.2.3 小結……………………………………………………..…..4-16
4.3 空氣交換率與表面風速對油漆TVOCs排放的影響………………...4-17
4.3.1 空氣交換率對油性漆排放TVOCs的影響….……..…..…..4-17
4.3.1.1 添加甲苯為稀釋劑…………………….……………..……….4-17
4.3.1.2 添加松香水為稀釋劑……………………...…........4-18
4.3.1.3 添加香蕉水為稀釋劑…………………………….......4-20
4.3.2 表面風速對油性漆TVOCs排放的影響……….…………..…4-21
4.3.2.1 添加甲苯為稀釋劑……………………….………………..….4-21
4.3.2.2 添加松香水為稀釋劑……………………...…........4-22
4.3.2.3 添加香蕉水為稀釋劑…………………………….......4-24
4.3.3 小結……………………………………………………………4-25
4.4 最佳模擬模式建立與分析……………..……….……………….4-27
4.4.1 模式模擬…………………………….………………………….…4-27
4.4.1.1 一階衰減模式……………………………………..……………4-27
4.4.1.2 Latex paint model………….…………………..……………4-28
4.4.1.3 Vapor Pressure and Boundary Layer(VB) model…….……4-29
4.4.1.4 Modified VB Model…….…………………………..…………4-31
4.4.2 一階衰減模式係數比較………………………………...……….4-33
4.4.3 TVOCs排放模式參數推估方程式……….………………...…….4-36
4.4.4 小結…………………………………………………………...….4-44
第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………..5-1
5.1 結論………………………………………………………………….5-1
5.2 建議………………………………………………………………….5-3
參考文獻…………………………………………………………………...R-1
問題答覆…………………………………………………………………...F-1

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