番茄(Solanum lycopersicum)是現在世界上非常受歡迎的食物，因為它既是蔬菜又是水果。番茄存在於許多菜餚中，番茄的營養價值來自於其豐富的成分，特別有助於整體健康和人類美容。然而，番茄生產正面臨許多挑戰，如全球氣候的變遷就是其中重要因子之一。至本世紀末，由於溫室效應可能導致全球氣溫上升2至5°C; 土壤的水分也隨之減少。如此高溫和乾旱的現象將影響到植物種子的發芽率以及幼苗的發育，淨同化率、作物產量及土壤微生物多樣性和土壤養分上的損失。本研究期望透過在番茄種子發芽、番茄幼苗生長和番茄結果期，接種PGPE細菌菌株LS077和真菌菌株T2，進行了解是否可(i)提高發芽率，縮短在常溫、高溫、乾旱、高溫與乾旱的條件下，番茄種子的發芽時間(ii)提高在高溫和乾旱壓力下番茄幼苗的耐受性(iii)在高溫和乾旱的條件下增加番茄產量。結果顯示，經與正常條件下的對照組相比，接種有菌株的種子顯示出良好的發芽率、下胚軸長、根長、鮮重，且乾重高達45%，並縮短發芽的時間至4天；經處理的種子在逆境環境下，發芽率同樣的均有顯著性的成效表現，番茄苗期的生長較佳，產量也增加，特別是在逆境條件下接種過的幼苗的存活率顯著高於未接種的處理組。其他參數如鮮重、幼苗乾重、總葉綠素含量、相對含水量、總多酚含量與相對膜滲透性，在與對照組相比較，當應用PGPE菌株T2與LS-077的處理組在非生物逆境環境下番茄幼苗皆有顯著性的優異表現。在此研究過程中，也檢測了HSP70的濃度，結果顯示在不同逆境環境下，番茄幼苗植株不同部位HSP70的濃度變化各有不同。另外在生長試驗方面，也顯示在溫室栽培中正常和乾旱條件下，乾旱會影響番茄各部分的生產率，比如植株上的果實數量，果實重量，單植株的果實重量。此外，接種PGPE的番茄，生產率顯著高於未接種PGPE。在接種處理中，LS-077、T2與LS077 + T2處理間在每株植物的果實數量雖沒有顯現出顯著差異，但是在果實重量上具有顯著差異。與對照組相比，番茄接種LS077+T2菌株在正常和乾旱條件下具有最高產量。總之，本研究顯示接種內共生細菌(LS077)與真菌(T2)來提升番茄或其他作物對抗氣候逆境應是一有潛力的方法。

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is now a very popular vegetable and fruit worldwide. Nutritional value of tomatoes comes from rich ingredients, contributing specifically to overall health and human beauty. However, tomato production is facing many challenges, including global climate change.
Climate change causes global temperatures to increase by 2 - 5 °C due to the greenhouse effect by the end of this century; the available water in the soil is decreased. The apparent of heat-shock and drought have been seriously effecting on global agricultural production and food security by decrease in seed germination, net assimilation rate depending on the relative growth rate, losses in crop yield and results of loss balance agriculture soil microbial diversity and soil nutrient.
The present study was conducted by inoculation PGPE bacteria Curtobacterium sp. strain LS077 and Fungi Trichoderma harzianum strain T2 during the tomato seeds germination, tomato seedlings growth and tomato fruiting stages to determine whether or not (i) increase germination percentage; shorten the time on tomato seed germination under normal condition, high temperature, drought stress, drought and heat stress (ii) increase the tolerance of tomato seedling under drought and heat stress (iii) increase the tomato yield under no stress and drought stress condition. The inoculated seeds showed well pronounced germinated, hypocotyl length, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight up to 45% and shorten time to complete germination up to 4 days as compared to the control under normal condition. The effectiveness of treated seeds with PGPE under stress condition showed a larger gap different compared to the control.
The inoculated seedlings by PGPE showed well pronounced of good growing parameters compared to the control, especially, the survival ratio of treated seedlings was significantly higher than that of non-inoculated seedlings under stress conditions. Other parameters like fresh weigh, dry weight of seedling, total chlorophyll content, relative water content, total polyphenol content and relative membrane permeability are showed the superiority of application PGPE strain T2 and LS077 in tomato seedling under abiotic stress. During this study, we also collected the HSP70 concentration and showed the trend fluctuations of HSP70 concentration under different environment and different part of the tomato seedling plant. The HSP70 concentration of tomato seedlings treated with PGPE was significantly higher than that of non-treated control under normal and stress conditions.
Besides, an experiment to test tomato yield in greenhouses under normal and drought conditions, the results showed that drought affects the tomato productivity, such as the number of fruits on the plant, fruit weight, fruit weight per plant. In addition, PGPE treatment results in significantly higher productivity than control. Among the inoculation treatment LS077, T2 and combined LS077+T2 did not show a significant difference in the number of fruits per plant, but it showed the significant difference in fruit weight resulting in differences in fruit weight per plant. The combined strain LS077 and T2 method gives the highest yield under both normal and drought conditions as compared to control.
Overall, the study implied that using endophytic bacteria strain LS077 and Fungus strain T2 would be a potential method to promote tomato and other crop tolerance to environmental stresses.

摘要.... i
Abstract .... iii
Acknowledgements .... vi
Table of Contents .... vii
List of Tables .... x
List of Figures .... xi
List of Symbols .... xii
Chapter I – Introduction .... 1
Chapter II – Literature Review .... 3
2.1 A brief description of tomato .... 3
2.2 Effect of high temperature and drought stress on plant .... 4
2.2.1 Effect of high temperature on plant.... 4
2.2.2 Effect of drought stress on plant .... 6
2.3 Reaction mechanisms of plant under abiotic stress .... 7
2.4 Endophytes bacteria and fungi .... 11
2.4.1 Definition of endophytes .... 11
2.4.2 Beneficial of endophytic bacteria and fungi .... 15
2.5 Heat shock protein .... 17
Chapter III - Materials and Methods .... 19
3.1 Materials.... 19
3.1.1 Experimental equipment .... 19
3.1.2 Chemical compounds .... 19
3.1.3 Tomato Variety .... 20
3.1.4 Bacterial and fungal endophytes .... 20
3.2 Methods .... 20
3.2.1 Preparation of bacteria and fungi .... 20
3.2.2 Inoculation PGPEs to tomato seeds at germination stage .... 21
3.2.3 Inoculation PGPEs from tomato seeds germination to seeding stage .... 22
3.2.4 Inoculation of PGPEs from tomato seeds germination to harvest .... 23
3.2.5 Growth parameters Collected .... 24
Chapter IV – Results .... 28
4.1 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi treatments on tomato seed germination .... 28
4.1.1 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on the time and percentage of germination .... 28
4.1.2 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on the tomato seeds germination, growth and biomass .... 29
4.2 Application of endophytic bacteria and fungi treatments on tomato seedlings ....30
4.2.1 The effect of bacteria inoculation on the survival rate of tomato seedlings ....30
4.2.2 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on tomato seedling growth .... 30
4.2.3 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on the leaf relative water content ....34
4.2.4 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on relative membrane permeability ....35
4.2.5 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on total polyphenol content .... 36
4.2.6 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on heat shock protein 70 kDa concentration .... 36
4.3 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi treatments on tomato fruit yield and quality ....39
Chapter V – Discussion .... 41
5.1 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on tomato seed germination .... 41
5.2 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on tomato seedlings growths .... 42
5.2.1 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi inoculation on the survival ratio of tomato seedling.... 43
5.2.2 Tomato seedling growth and abiotic stress adaptation with and without endophytic bacteria and fungi inoculation .... 43
5.2.3 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on leaf relative water content ....45
5.2.4 Effect of endophytic bacterial and fungi on the relative membrane permeability .... 45
5.2.5 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on total polyphenol .... 46
5.2.6 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on the amount of heat shock protein 70 .... 47
5.3 Effect of endophytic bacteria and fungi on tomato yield .... 48
Chapter VI – Conclusion .... 51
Limitations & Future Prospect .... 51
Reference .... 52
Appendix - Tables and Figures .... 64
Extended Abstract .... 75

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