臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

鈦金屬在大家認知中是生物相容性極佳的生醫材料，不論做為人工骨骼、人工牙根都是非常理想的基材。以往認知鈦與陶瓷鍵結強度未臻理想，使得鈦燒瓷技術在牙科膺復臨床應用並未普及，本研究將針對鈦金屬燒瓷的製程加以優化，針對鈦合金進行電化學蝕刻處理，並使用二氧化矽蝕刻進行表面質改方法進行實驗。
本研究採用精鋼科技公司之98.5mm寬20mm厚圓盤Ti-6Al-7Nb為基材，其中試片製作依ISO9693所規範內容進行測試，依試片不同表面處理方式，分為噴砂bon組與電化學蝕刻處理組，實驗過程使用場發掃描式顯微鏡(EDS)觀察其表面處理特徵，並以X光光電子能譜儀(XPS)分析表面化學物質，再使用鈦專用瓷粉燒付於處理後的金屬表面，再以能量散射光譜儀(EDS)分析金屬與陶瓷結合界面之元素鏈結狀況，後用萬能試驗機做三點彎曲測試，金屬與陶瓷的鏈結強度。
實驗結果顯示Ti-6Al-7Nb鈦合金經噴砂後進行電化學蝕刻處理，雖可進行表面質改經由電化學蝕刻處理將氧化矽交換於表面，但因氧化矽蝕刻液內成份有大量的強酸，加上夾具的位置造成電流處、表面改質不均，每次操作均有不同結果，多次操作時易造成coping損耗，甚至破洞造成基材重製，較難在臨床使用並量產。
而Ti-6Al-7Nb鈦合金經用氧化鋁250μm壓力6磅噴砂處理，再依瓷粉廠商的製程在濃度達99.999﹪純氬瓷爐進行實驗，發現明顯優於各研究報告，最高達到89mpa；均質也達到71mpa，在很多研究報告提到鈦在大氣中易形成澎鬆的氧化鈦造成與陶瓷鏈結力不佳，在本實驗中嘗試在正常燒瓷流程6次燒付之外，再加二次、四次、六次，燒付來做鏈結力測試，除在6次加二次有明顯略降到均質60mpa，在6次加四次均質為58mpa，6次加六次燒付則微升至62mpa，可見在高純氬99.999％的環境下燒付並未讓鏈結力衰退，均高於其他合金36-45mpa，也高於ISO9693規範標準的25mpa，所以在高純氬99.999％環境下燒付陶瓷，搭配廠商的標準製程來進行量產的最佳模式。

With the advancement of medical science and technology, the dental industry has also entered the digital age. Hospitals, clinics, and dental technicians have begun to implement a computerized digital integration system, the process of complex and time-consuming traditional artificial dentures was replaced by computerized digitization, in order to improve the discomfort caused by traditional impression Therefore, the tool used for digitizing the "intraoral scanner" is a type of medical device that has gradually become popular in the dental field.
This study aims at the accuracy verification and improvement of intraoral scanners. Focusing on 3 Shape TRIOS-3 intraoral scanners within the factory, a variety of operations was exercised with several external environmental conditions to verify the scanning accuracy. The findings provided as reference for the Institute of Dental Technology.
3Shape TRIOS intraoral scanner was used and operated by three users in the experiment for three times of the scanning process on the studying model, so as to measure and analyze the error for calculation of accuracy. Among them, the experimental conditions are as follows: 1. Operators’ experience: A has 4 years of experiences in clinical field of dental technology; B and C are common people without experiences; however, they had gone through 2-3 weeks of operational training of instrument. They used intraoral scanner and desktop scanner to scan the study models under the same external environmental conditions respectively (4 kinds of conditions: daylight, daylight + spot light, free of light and covered by saliva), followed by exporting digital models to STL files for analysis of error value with Geomagic Qualify, further identifying the optimized parameter, sending digital files to 3D printers for working models to validate the accuracy of the file.
Indicated from the experimental results, we compared the error values of full-mouth and lower jaw models via different scanning procedures (control group and experimental group) and found out that the error values scanned by three operators all showed B error > C error > A Error. In addition, such intervention out of external environments as saliva and spot light had larger effect, wherein the error values almost went beyond 0.6mm above, even 1mm above. Also, the error value of full-month scanning process was even larger than semi-scanning one; hence, the speed of scanning movement, the distance between the probe of scanner and the surface of object, as well as the steadiness of the scanners were factors causing higher level of error. For the factors of artificial operation, resolution of image inputs in the analysis software, the duration of image by supplementary scanning and the number of captured image (over-large area of image defective damage) would lead to higher or lower level of error value.
We have identified that the operation of intraoral scanner without professional training would cause higher level of error value; also, coverage of saliva, excessive light spotting on the surface of tooth, plus the velocity of movement during scanning process and the distance between the probe of scanner and the surface of tooth would also cause higher level of error value. Therefore, we may be able to provide the scanning procedure in the experiment group with the upcoming researchers or operators for scanning of full-mouth upper jaw, while that in the control group may be used for full-mouth lower jaw and in the semi-mouth experiment, the scanning procedure of the experiment group may obtain the best result of image.

中文摘要 ……………………………………………………………………... i
英文摘要 …………………………………………………………................... iii
誌謝 …………………………………………………………................... v
目錄 …………………………………………………………................... vi
表目錄 …………………………………………………………................... Viii
圖目錄 …………………………………………………………................... Ix
符號說明 …………………………………………………………................... x
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………....................... 1
1.1 前言....…………………………………………………................... 1
1.2 研究動機與目的............................................................................... 2
1.3 研究方法………………………………………………………….. 2
第二章 文獻探討………………………………………………................... 3
2.1 生醫材料………………………………………………................... 3
2.1.1 生醫材料的定義...............………………………………………… 3
2.1.2 理想生醫材料要件...........…………………………….................... 4
2.1.3 生醫材料分類.....………………………………………………….. 5
2.2 牙科用合金……………………………………………................... 7
2.3 鈦....................................................................................................... 7
2.3.1 純鈦及鈦合金特性........................................................................... 8
2.4 牙科陶瓷........................................................................................... 10
2.5 鈦金屬與陶瓷燒結........................................................................... 11
2.6 ISO9693............................................................................................ 11
第三章 研究方法與材料………………………………………................... 13
3.1 研究流程...........……………………………………….................... 14
3.2 試片準備與表面處理…………………………………................... 15
3.3 二氧化矽電化學蝕刻處理…………………………................... 17
3.3.1 Ti-6Al-7Nb表面電化學蝕刻處理……………………................... 17
3.4 噴砂處理…………………………………....................................... 18
3.5 形貌觀察…………………………………....................................... 19
3.5.1 元素分析………………………………………………………….. 20
3.6 陶瓷燒付………………………………………………………….. 20
3.7 鏈結強度測試…………………………………………………….. 23
3.8 臨床牙冠製作…………………………………………………….. 24
第四章 結果與討論………………………………………………….......... 35
4.1 表面形貌........................................................................................... 35
4.2 Ti-6Al-7Nb與陶瓷界面鍵結分析…………………………........... 38
4.3 金屬/陶瓷鏈結強度測試結果……………………………………. 43
4.4 臨床牙冠試作…………………………………………………….. 54
第五章 結論與展望.………………………………….................................. 59
參考文獻 …………………………………………………………................... 60
Extended Abstract……………………………………………………………………… 62

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